Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
- size of a fist
- 3 layers: endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
A
Heart
2
Q
Fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart
A
Pericardium
3
Q
Chambers of the heart
A
- right atrium
- left atrium
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
4
Q
Chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
A
Right atria
5
Q
Chamber of the heart that receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs
A
Left atria
6
Q
Chamber of the heart that received blood from the right atria and pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
A
Right ventricle
7
Q
Chamber of the heart that received blood from the left atrium and pumps blood to the aorta
A
Left ventricle
8
Q
Structure of the heart that keeps blood flow going in one direction
A
Heart valves
9
Q
Tricuspid valve on the right and Bicuspid (mitral) valve on the left
A
Atrioventricular valves
10
Q
Pulmonic valve and aortic valve
A
Semilunar valves
11
Q
Start of one heartbeat to the start of the next
A
Cardiac cycle
12
Q
Ventricle contracts, blood is pumped out
A
Systole
13
Q
Heart muscle relax and fills with blood
A
Diastole
14
Q
Amount of blood the heart pumps out in 1 mi; pumps about 6L/min
A
Cardiac output
15
Q
- helps regulate normal cardiac rhythms
- Sinoatrial (SA) node —> Atrioventricular (AV) node —> Bundle of His —> Purkinje fibers
A
Conduction system of the Heart
16
Q
- pacemaker of the heart
- stimulates the heart to beat in normal rhythm
- normal is 60-100 beats
A
Sinoatrial (SA) node
17
Q
Takes over when the SA node isn’t working or when the pulse is below 60
A
Atrioventricular (AV) nodes
18
Q
Heart sound is LUB
- AV valves closing
A
S1 heart sound
19
Q
Heart sound is DUB
- semilunar valves closing
A
S2 heart sound
20
Q
- sounds like kentucky
- directly after S2
- faint, low pitched
A
S3 extra heart sound
21
Q
- sounds like tennessee
- directly before S1
- soft, low pitched
A
S4 extra heart sound
22
Q
- Pain
- Chest pain: pressure or sharpness, nausea, shortness of breath, lightheaded, and dizziness
A
Subjective data of alternation in the cardiac system
23
Q
- heart sounds, listening for S1 and S2
- VS are within WDL
- Chest symmetry
- Auscultate 5 heart sounds
- Edema
- Color changes (cyanosis)
A
Assessments to obtain objective data relating to cardiac system
24
Q
2nd intercostal space at Righ sternal border
A
Aortic
25
2nd intercostal space at Left sternal border
Pulmonic
26
3rd intercostal space at Left sternal border
Erb’s point
27
4th intercostal space at Left sternal border
Tricuspid
28
5th intercostal space, where you hear apical pulse
Mitral
29
- needs to be below 100
- high level = thickening of the blood
- takes from liver to walls of vessels
Low Density Lipoprotein
- bad cholesterol
30
Needs to be above 60
High Density Lipoprotein
- good cholesterol
31
Normal is below 150
Triglycerides
32
Desire is less than 200
Total cholesterol
33
Enzyme that will increase when cardiac tissue is damaged and starts to elevate 4-6 hrs after
Creatinine kinase-MB
34
Proteins that re released when heart is damaged or ischemia
- detectable in 3-4 hrs, an d up to 7 days after onset of symptoms
Troponin
35
Heart’s electrical conduction system
EKG
36
Noninvasive to diagnose atherosclerosis, CFJ, aneurysm, enlarged heart, and shunting of blood
Echocardiogram
37
- leading cause of mortality and morbidity
- number 1 killer of women
- family history and genetics play a role
- modifiable vs non-modifiable
- african americans are at higher risk for heart disease and high BP
Health promotion and risk reductions for cardiac disorders
38
- reduce intake of saturated fats, cholesterol, sodium
- reduce red meats, sugary beverages and food
- increase fiber, whole grains, vegetables, beans, fruits, and nuts
- maintain a healthy weight
- moderate intake of alcohol
Health promotion and risk reduction for cardiac disorder
39
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart after delivery oxygen to body tissues
Veins
40
The only vein that carries oxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein
41
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, out to the rest of the. body tissues
Arteries
42
Maintain arterial pressure and perfusion by increasing and decreasing vessel diameter
Arterioles
43
Smallest vessels in the body
- deliver oxygen to delicate tissues
Capillaries
44
Smaller veins
Venules
45
Pain, tingling sensation, and feeling of fullness
Subjective data to alterations in the peripheral vascular system
46
1+ - slight pitting, 2mm, disappears rapidly
2+ - deeper pitting, 4mm, disappears after 10-15 secs
3+ - 6mm, lasts more than 1 min
4+ - 8mm, lasts 2-3 mins
Assessing edema
47
3+ - increase
2+ - normal
1+ - weak and thready
0 - absent
Rating pulses
48
Asses one at a time
- pulse is located at sternocleidomastoid
Carotid pulse
49
Pulse at the write, side of the thumb
Radial pulse
50
Pulse in the medial side of the antecubital fossa
Brachial pulse
51
Pulse located near the groin, the crease between the hip and thigh
Femoral pulse
52
Pulse located at the back of knee
Popliteal
53
Pulse located on the first and second toes, above the foot
Dorsalis pedis
54
Pulse between medial and malleolus and achilles tendon
Posterior tibial
55
- pallor (pale)
- change in skin color
- cool temp of skin
- hair loss
- shiny, smooth skin
- non-healing wounds or ulcers
Tissue ischemia
56
- position pt in upright position, 30-45 degrees
- if normal: no visible pulsation or distenntion
Jugular vein
57
- return to normal less than 2 secs after pressure
- abnormal: greater than 2 secs
Capillary refill
58
- appear punched out round, smooth, week defined borders
- located feet, ankles, skin, heels, tips of toes
- sharp burning or throbbing pain
- loss of hair around area
- base of ulcer is brown, black, yellow
- with our without necrotic tissue
- minimal bleeding
Arterial insufficiency
59
- red or brown skin around ulcer
- edema with fluid drainage
- excoriation of skin
- coarse, shiny, tight skin
- pain may or may not be present
- leg discomfort, cramps, burning sensation
Venous insufficiency
60
Show how blood flows to many parts of the body
- tell width of blood vessel
- reveal any blockages
Duplex ultrasound
61
- check health of blood vessels and how blood flows through them
- help dx/investigate several problems affecting blood vessels (atherosclerosis)
Angiograms
62
Narrowing of the arteries
- at risk for stroke or heart attack
Atherosclerosis
63
- widen, blocked, or narrowed coronary arteries
- term means using a balloon to stretch open a narrowed or blocked artery
- after procedure: assess and check pulse below area, monitor for bleeding or hematoma formation or infection
Angioplasty
64
- family history
- advancing age
- smoking (cause vasoconstriction)
- diabetes
- obesity
- high BP and cholesterol
- cultural (African Americans)
- Oral contraceptive
Risk factors for peripheral vascular disease
65
- inspect feet daily
- don’t go barefooted
- eat low fat and low sugar
- include at least 5 servings of fresh fruits and vegetables every day
- exercise 30 mins a day
- wear support hose
Health promotion and risk reduction for PVD
