Abdominal System Flashcards
1
Q
Structure that contains: duodenum, gallbladder, liver, head of pancreas, right kidney, and right adrenal gland
A
Right upper quadrant
2
Q
Structure that contains: stomach, spleen, body of pancreas, left kidney, left adrenal
A
Left upper quadrant
3
Q
Structure that contains: cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord
A
Right lower quadrant
4
Q
Structure that contains: sigmoid colon, left ovary and tube, left ureter, left spermatic cord
A
Left lower quadrant
5
Q
Structure that contains: aorta, uterus, bladder (above the pubic bone)
A
Midline
6
Q
- the covering
- 2 types of lining:
- parietal peritoneum covers the wall of the abdominal cavity
- visceral covers the organ which is abdominal viscera
A
Peritoneum
7
Q
- heaviest and largest excretory organ in body
- occupies almost the entire upper right quadrant
- very vascular
- plays key roles in metabolizing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and drugs
- produces bile
- detoxify harmful chemicals and produces clotting factors
A
Liver
8
Q
- lies under the liver
- collects bile
- in the RUQ
- helps emulsify and digest fats
A
Gallbladder
9
Q
- connects to liver and gallbladder
- endocrine that secretes insulin
- exocrine that releases pancreatic juices
A
Pancreas
10
Q
- digestion of food
- three parts: the upper fundus, the body, and the lower pelorus
- hydrochloric acid is secreted to digest food
A
Stomach
11
Q
- about 21 ft in length
- take chyme from stomach
- in order: duodenum, jejunum, ilium
- used to complete digestion and absorb nutrients
A
Small intestine
12
Q
- 5-6 ft in length
- four segments: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
- reabsorption of water
A
Large intestine
13
Q
- function unknown
- right lower quad
- problem: if it fills with digestive materials it can become infected and cause appendicitis
A
Vermiform appendix
14
Q
- in the back part of upper abdomen
- area is called coast vertebral angle
- remove waste and drugs from the body
- balance fluids
- produces active vitamin d
- controls production of RBCs
A
Kidney
15
Q
Hollow muscular sac that stores urine
A
Bladder
16
Q
- pain, nausea, weight loss/gain, decrease/increase in appetite
- pyrosis: indigestion/heartburn
- dyspepsia: vague feeling of fullness and chest discomfort, indigestion, or burning in chest
- GERD: motility disorder with heartburn and reflux of gastric content
A
Subjective data relating to alterations in abdominal system
17
Q
AST, ALT, bilirubin, and ammonia
A
Assessment of the LIVER to obtain objective data
18
Q
Amylase and lipase, and elevation of insulin
A
Assessment of the PANCREAS to obtain objective data
19
Q
BUN and creatinine
A
Assessment of KIDNEYS to obtain objective data
20
Q
- normoactive: 5 to 34 min
- hypoactive: below 5
- hyperactive: above 34
- listen for full 3 to 5 mins before documenting absent
- place patient in supine position and inspect, auscultate, and palpate
A
Assessment of BOWEL SOUNDS to obtain objective data
21
Q
- vomit: what does it look like
- distention: measuring abdomen
- constipation or diarrhea
- urination: color and amount
- skin color: jaundice
A
Objective data of alteration in the abdominal system
22
Q
- normal findings: symmetry, umbilicus midline, no visible peristalsis
- abnormal findings: distension, abnormal peristalsis waves, aortic aneurysm, ascites (abnormal accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity)
A
Inspection of the abdominal skin
23
Q
- start at RLQ
- listen 3-5 mins before documenting no bowel sounds
- normal: gurgling or roaming sounds; 5-34 clicks per min
- abnormal: hyperactive/high pitch, hypoactive, and absent sounds; hyper is more than 34 and hypo is less than 5
A
Auscultation of abdominal
24
Q
- not typically done
- more advanced level assessment
- listening to sound
A
Percussion of the abdomen
25
- light and deep
- surface characteristics, tenderness, and enlarged organs or fluid in abdominal cavity
- light: use finger pads on one hand, done on bladder to check for distention, press down about 1 in clockwise around entire abdomen, watch facial expressions
- deep: non dominant hand on top of dominant hand, clockwise, 1.5-2 in deep using circular dipping motion
Palpitation of the abdomen
26
- if they complain of claustrophobia then notify MD
- do not wear anything metal
Purpose of MRI
27
Value of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
12 - 37 U/L
28
Value of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
13 - 69 U/L
29
Found in high concentration in the liver so if found outside the liver in high amounts it indicates liver damage
AST and ALT
30
- 19 - 60 mcg/dL
- byproduct created when protein is broken down
Ammonia (NH3)
31
- 0 - 0.2 mg/dL
- byproduct of RBC breakdown
- indicates liver problems or increased RBC destruction
Bilirubin
32
- small sample taken of the liver
- liver is very vascular, so assess the pt for bleeding after this procedure
- will have a pressure dressing in place and may have to lie on the right side for a couple of hours
Liver Biopsy
33
- visual examination of the lining of the large intestine with a flexible fiber optic or video colonoscopy inserted into the anus and advanced to the ileocecal valve
- make sure to follow the provider’s orders for prep before the procedure
- monitor pts after for signs of perforation
Colonoscopy
34
- measures the amount, size, and shape of WBCs, RBCs, and platelets in the blood
- measures hemoglobin and hematocrit levels
CBC
35
- radiographic examination of the large intestine (colon) after rectal instillation of barium sulfate (single-contrast technique) or barium sulfate and air (double contrast technique)
- drink plenty of fluids to flush out contrast
Barium enema
36
- dx test involving either a surgical puncture or cavity aspiration of fluid for evaluation
- performed to obtain samples of ascetic fluid for dx and therapeutic purposes by insertion of a grocer and cannula through the abdominal wall
- may be done to relieve SOB associated with ascites
Paracentesis
37
- dx scanning test that utilizes technetium-99m or me rode in to visualize the gallbladder and to measure the gamma rays emitted from bile
- determines latency of the biliary system
Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA)
38
- 0 - 130 U/L
- made in the pancreas
Amylase
39
- 23 - 300 U/L
- an enzyme created in the pancreas
Lipase
40
- 7 - 20 mg/dL
- measures amount of urea in the blood
- when protein is broken down, ammonia is formed — ammonia is converted to urea in the liver and is eventually excreted in the kidneys
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
41
- 0.7 - 1.4 mg/dL
- byproduct of creatinine metabolism, and it is excreted by the kidneys
Creatinine (Cr)
42
Stool colors
- tarry black: upper GI bleed
- red: lower GI bleed
43
- begin at age 45 for men and women
- fecal occult blood test every year
- flexible sigmoid every 5 years
- colonoscopy every 10 years
- CT colonoscopy every 5 years
- high risk will be screened before 45 yrs old
Health promotion of abdominal disorder
44
- maintain healthy weight
- eat healthy
- limit alcohol
- increase exercise
- GERD - things backing up from stomach into esophagus
- obesity
Risk reduction of abdominal disorder
45
- sleep with head of bed elevated
- not eating 2 hrs before bed
- avoid fried foods, citric, spicy food
- meds such as histamine blockers and PPIs anti-acids
- GERD can change mucosa of esophagus that can change to precancerous cells
Risk reduction of abdominal disorder
