Cardiovascular Surgery Flashcards
What is AI?
Aortic Insufficiency
What is AS?
Aortic Stenosis
What is ASD?
Atrial Septal Defect
What is CABG?
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
What is CAD?
Coronary Artery Disease
What is CPB?
CardioPulmonary Bypass
What is IABP?
IntraAortic Balloon Pump
What is LAD?
Left Anterior Descending coronary artery
What is IMA?
Internal Mammary Artery
What is MR?
Mitral Regurgitation
What is PTCA?
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (balloon angioplasty)
What is VAD?
Ventricular Assist Device
What is VSD?
Ventricular Septal Defect
What is stroke volume?
mL of blood pumped per heartbeat
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
What is cardiac index?
CO/BSA, BSA = body surface area
What is ejection fraction?
Percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle (SV/EDV)
Normal: 55-70%
What is compliance?
(Change in volume)/(Change in pressure)
What is SVR?
Systemic Vascular Resistance
MAP - CVP)/(CO X 80
What is preload?
Left ventricular end diastolic pressure or volume
What is afterload?
Arterial resistance the heart pumps against
What is PVR?
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance:
PAmean - PCWP)/(CO X 80
What is MAP?
Mean Arterial Pressure:
Diastolic BP + 1/3 X (Systolic BP - Diastolic BP)
What is a normal CO?
4-8 L/min
What is a normal CI?
2.5-4 L/(min*m2)
What are the ways to increase CO?
MR. PAIR: Mechanical assistance (IABP, VAD) Rate: increase Preload: increase Afterload: decrease Inotropes: increase contractility Rhythm: normal sinus
When does most of the coronary blood flow take place?
During diastole
What are the 3 major coronary arteries?
- LAD
- Circumflex
- Right coronary
What are the 3 main cardiac electrolytes?
Ca, K, Mg
What is coronary artery disease?
Atherosclerotic occlusive lesions of the coronary arteries.
Segmented nature make CABG possible.
What is the incidence of CAD?
1 killer in western world
What are the symptoms of CAD?
If ischemia (due to low flow, vasospasm, thrombus formation, plaque rupture): chest pain, crushing, substernal SOB, nausea, upper abdominal pain, sudden death, fatigue
Who classically gets silent MIs?
Patients with diabetes (autonomic dysfunction)
What are the risk factors for CAD?
HTN, smoking, high cholesterol/lipids, obesity, diabetes, family history
Which diagnostic tests should be performed in CAD?
Exercise stress testing (+/- thallium); echocardiography; localize dyskinetic wall segments; valvular dysfunction; estimate EF; cardiac catheterization with coronary angiography and left ventriculography
What is the treatment for CAD?
Medical therapy (beta-blockers, aspirin, nitrates, HTN medication); PTCA +/- stents; CABG
What are the indications for CABG?
- Left main disease
- 2+ vessel disease
- Unstable or disabling angina unresponsive to medical therapy or PTCA
- Post-infarct angina
- Coronary artery rupture, dissection, thrombosis after PTCA
What are the pros and cons of CABG vs. PTCA +/- stents?
CABG: survival improvement for diabetics and 2+ vessel disease, increased short-term morbidity
PTCA: decreased short-term morbidity, decreased cost, decreased hospital stay, increased reintervention, increased post-procedure angina
What procedures are most often used in CABG?
Coronary arteries grafted (usually 3-6); internal mammary pedicle graft and saphenous vein free graft are most often used
Other than IMA and saphenous vein, what vessels are occasionally used for CABG?
Radial artery, inferior epigastric vein
What are the possible complications of CABG?
Hemorrhage, tamponade, MI, dysrhythmias, infection, graft thrombosis, sternal dehiscence, post-pericardiotomy syndrome, stroke
What is the operative mortality from CABG?
1-3% for elective CABG
What medications should almost every patient be given after CABG?
Aspirin, beta-blocker
Can a CABG be performed off cardiopulmonary bypass?
Yes, today they are performed with or without bypass
What is post-pericardiotomy syndrome?
Pericarditis after pericardiotomy.
Occurs weeks to 3 months postoperatively.
What are the signs and symptoms of post-pericardiotomy syndrome?
Fever, chest pain, atrial fibrillation, malaise, pericardial friction rub, pericardial effusion, pleural effusion
What is the treatment for post-pericardiotomy syndrome?
NSAIDs +/- steroids
What is pericarditis after an MI called?
Dressler’s syndrome
What is cardiopulmonary bypass?
Pump and oxygenation apparatus to remove blood from SVC and IVC and return it to the aorta, bypassing the heart and lungs and allowing cardiac arrest for open-heart procedures, heart transplant, lung transplant, or heart-lung transplant, as well as procedures on the proximal great vessels
Is anticoagulation necessary for CPB?
Yes, just before and during the procedure, with heparin
How is anticoagulation reversed?
Protamine
What are the ways to manipulate cardiac output after CPB?
Rate, rhythm, afterload, preload, inotropes, mechanical (e.g. IABP, VAD)
What mechanical problems can decrease CO after CPB?
Cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax
What is tamponade physiology?
Decreased CO, increased HR, hypotension, increased CVP
What are possible complications of CPB?
Trauma to formed blood elements (esp. thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction); pancreatitis (low flow); heparin rebound; CVA; failure to wean from bypass; technical complications (operative technique); MI
What are the options for treating post-op CABG mediastinal bleeding?
Protamine, increased PEEP, FFP, platelets, aminocaproic acid
What is heparin rebound?
Increased anticoagulation after CPB from increased heparin levels, as increase in peripheral blood flow after CPB returns heparin residual that was in the peripheral tissues
What is the method of lowering SVR after CPB?
Warm the patient; administer sodium nitroprusside and dobutamine
What are the options if a patient cannot be weaned from CPB?
Inotropes, VAD, IABP
What percentage of patients goes into AFib after CPB?
Up to 33%
What is the workup of a postoperative patient with AFib?
Rule out PTX (ABG, CT scan), acidosis (ABG), electrolyte abnormality (labs), and ischemia (EKG), CXR
What is a MIDCAB?
Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass:
LIMA to LAD bypass without CPB and through a small thoracotomy
What is TMR?
TransMyocardial laser Revascularization:
Laser through groin catheter makes small holes (intramyocardial sinusoids) in cardiac muscle to allow blood to nourish the muscle
What is OPCAB?
Off Pump Coronary Artery Bypass:
Median sternotomy but no bypass pump
What is aortic stenosis?
Destruction and calcification of valve leaflets, resulting in obstruction of left ventricular outflow
What are the causes of aortic stenosis?
Calcification of bicuspid aortic valve; rheumatic fever; acquired calcific AS
What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis?
Angina, syncope, CHF, often asymptomatic until late
What is the memory aid for the aortic stenosis complications?
Aortic Stenosis Complications =
Angina Syncope CHF
What are the signs of aortic stenosis?
Murmur (crescendo-decrescendo systolic second right intercostal space with radiation to the carotids); left ventricular heave or lift from left ventricular hypertrophy
What tests should be performed for aortic stenosis?
CXR, ECG, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization (needed to plan operation)
What is the surgical treatment for aortic stenosis?
Valve replacement with tissue or mechanical prosthesis
What are the indications for surgical repair of aortic stenosis?
If patient is symptomatic, valve cross-sectional area is < 0.75 cm^2 (normal 2.5-3.5), or gradient > 50 mmHg
What are the pros and cons of mechanical valve replacement for aortic stenosis?
Mechanical valve is more durable, but requires lifetime anticoagulation
What is the treatment option for aortic stenosis in poor surgical candidates?
Balloon aortic valvuloplasty (percutaneous)
Why is a loud murmur often a good sign?
Implies a high gradient, which indicates preserved LV function
Why might an aortic stenosis murmur diminish over time?
It may imply a decreasing gradient from a decline in LV function
What is aortic insufficiency?
Incompetency of the aortic valve (regurgitant flow)
What are the causes of aortic insufficiency?
Bacterial endocarditis (S. aureus, S. viridans); rheumatic fever; annular ectasia from collagen vascular disease (Marfan’s syndrome)
What are the predisposing conditions for aortic insufficiency?
Bicuspid aortic valve, connective tissue disease
What are the symptoms of aortic insufficiency?
Palpitations from dysrhythmias and dilated LV; dyspnea/orthopnea from LV failure; excess fatigue; angina from decreased diastolic BP and coronary flow; Musset sign
What are the signs of aortic insufficiency?
Decreased diastolic BP; murmur (blowing, decrescendo diastolic at left sternal border); Austin-Flint murmur (reverberation of regurgitant flow); increased pulse pressure (“pistol shots”, “water-hammer” pulse palpated over peripheral arteries); Quincke sign (capillary pulsations of uvula)
Which diagnostic tests should be performed for aortic insufficiency?
- CXR (increasing heart size can be used to follow progression)
- Echocardiogram
- Catheterization (definitive)
- TEE
What is the treatment for aortic insufficiency?
Aortic valve replacement
What are the indications for surgical treatment of aortic insufficiency?
Symptomatic patients (CHF, PND); LV dilatation; decreasing LV function; decreasing EF; acute AI onset