Cardiovascular Embryology

Question 1

6th pharyngeal arch artery turns into what structure

Answer 1

Pulmonary trunk and ligamentum arteriosum

Question 2

3rd pharyngeal arch artery turns into what?

Answer 2

Left and right common and internal carotid arteries

Question 3

The dorsal aortas turns into what

Answer 3

Descending aorta

Question 4

Aortic sac turns into what?

Answer 4

Ascending aorta and brachiocephalic arteries

Question 5

Transposition of the great vessels

Answer 5

Results in two closed circuits vis the bulbous cordis not spiraling.

CYANOTIC

right is under oxygenated

Left is over oxygenated

Question 6

Unequal division of the truncus arteriosus

Answer 6

Bigger aorta or pulmonary trunk

Bigger aorta = right ventricle and pulmonary hypertrophy

Bigger pulmonary trunk = left ventricle hypertrophy

ACYANOTIC

Question 7

Atrial septum Defect

Answer 7

Septum primum and Secundum of the atrium does not overlap, or too large of foramen Secundum formation

ACYANOTIC

Left side = no oxygen change

Right side = more oxygenated

Question 8

Ventricular septum defect

Answer 8

Interventriclar septum does not fully close

ACYANOTIC

Right A and left A = same oxygen

Left V = same oxygen

Right V = more oxygenated

Question 9

3 shunts in neonatal devolpment

Answer 9

Ductus venosus: between umbilical artery and IVC

Ductus arteriosis: between RV/ pulmonary arteries and the descending aorta

Foramen Ovale: between RA and LA

Question 10

Coarctation of the Aorta

Answer 10

Aorta shrinks via migration of specialized cells usually in ductus arteriosus

CYANOTIC

Question 11

How are AV valves formed

Answer 11

Via endocardial cushions growthing towards each other and fusing with right and left canals between respective atria and ventricles

Question 12

4th pair of pharyngeal arch arteries forms what?

Answer 12

Aortic arch and right subclavian artery

Question 13

Heart murmurs can be what two things?

Answer 13

Prolapsed AV valves

Atrial septal defect

Question 14

Endocardial cushions defect

Answer 14

Septum primum does not fully fuse to the endocardial cushions during atrial seperation.

If endocardial cushions fail to fuse at all, a AV septal defect can occur

Question 15

What is the most common heart defect?

Answer 15

Ventricular septal defects

Question 16

Persistent truncus arteriosus

Answer 16

Failure of bulbar and truncates ridges to fuse and form a septum between aorta and pulmonary trunk

• results in one large vessel that is a combo of pulmonary trunk and aorta, and usually no AV valve formation

CYANOTIC

Question 17

Patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 17

Failure to stenosis the ductus arteriosus.

ACYANOTIC

Question 18

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 18

Pulmonary artery stenosis

Ventricular septal defect

Overriding aorta: aorta rides over both ventricles since it needs to compensate for the stenosis

Right ventricular hypertrophy: not getting enough blood flow to the pulmonary system due to overriding aorta and stenosis