Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards
Which valves are open and which are closed in S1?
AV valves are closed; semilunar valves are open
Which abnormal heart sound may be heard with increased fluid volume?
S3
Which abnormal heart sound may be heard with a stiff ventricular wall?
S4
What is the difference between a grade 3 and 4 murmur?
Grade 4 has a thrill and grade 3 does not
What type of murmur does mitral stenosis cause?
Loud S1 murmur
What type of murmur does mitral regurgitation cause?
Systolic murmur
What type of murmur does aortic stenosis cause?
Systolic, 2nd R ICS
What type of murmur does aortic regurg cause?
Diastolic, 2nd L ICS
Where does a mitral regurg murmur radiate?
To base or L axilla
Which murmur radiates to neck?
Aortic stenosis
What two murmurs are diastolic?
Mitral stenosis and aortic regurg
What two murmurs are systolic?
Mitral regurg and aortic stenosis
A murmur heard at the 5th ICS is coming from which valve?
Mitral
A murmur heard at the 2nd or 3rd ICS is coming from which valve?
Aortic
Which type of HF causes pulmonary sx?
Acute (left-sided) HF
What causes dependent edema in R sided HF?
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
JVD, hepatomegaly and dependent edema are signs of HF on what side?
R side
A pt who needs to sleep with three pillows would be what NYHA Functional Class of HF?
Class 3
What is the number one med class for standard of care in HF pts?
ACE inhibitors
What will you see in the eye with HTN?
AV nicking
What is considered normal BP?
Less than 120 SBP AND less than 80 DBP
What is considered Stage 1 HTN?
130-139 OR 80-89
What is considered Stage 2 HTN?
Greater than or equal to 140 SBP OR greater than or equal to 90 DBP
What is the goal BP for every pt?
Less than 130 SBP and less than 80 DBP
A diabetic pt with HTN should be on what class of med?
ACE inhibitor or ARB
What class of med is first choice in treating a non African-American pt w/HTN?
Thiazide diuretic
What class of med is first choice in treating an African-American pt w/HTN?
Thiazide diuretic
What is BP in hypertensive urgency?
Equal to or greater than 180/110
How to treat hypertensive urgency?
Oral agent such as clonidine
What is BP in hypertensive emergency?
Equal to or greater than 180/120
What type of angina is caused by vasospasm?
Prinzmetal’s angina
What will Prinzmetal’s angina show on an EKG?
ST elevation
How is Prinzmetal’s angina tx?
Calcium channel blockers
What is Levine’s sign seen in?
Angina
What will likely be seen on an EKG with angina?
ST depression
Total cholesterol should be below what?
200
Very low density lipoproteins should be below what?
150
LDL should be below what?
100
HDL should be above what?
40
What three classes of meds are used to treat angina?
Nitrates, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers
What are the two most common causes of sudden cardiac death?
Coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathies
Lateral MI has ST elevation in which leads?
I, aVL
Inferior MI has ST elevation in which leads?
II, III, aVF
Anterior MI has ST elevation in which leads?
V leads (esp. V3 and V4)
What occurs in a 1st degree AV block?
PR interval > 0.2 seconds
What type of heart block has a gradually increasing PR interval until a QRS complex is dropped?
Type 1 second-degree AV block
What type of heart block has an irregular ventricular rhythm with dropped QRS complexes?
Type 2 second-degree AV block
Why are ACE inhibitors used after MI?
To help prevent ventricular remodeling
What is a therapeutic INR for someone on coumadin?
2-3
BP of greater than or equal to what is a contraindication for tPA?
185/110
Shiny hairless skin is seen in what?
PVD
In PVD, the lower extremities are red in what position?
Dependent position
How is PVD diagnosed?
With an ankle-brachial index
Claudication is caused by what?
PVD
Aching of lower extremities that is relieved by elevation is a sign of what?
Chronic venous insufficiency
Which syndrome can mimic chronic venous insufficiency?
May-Thurner syndrome
What is May-Thurner syndrome?
Compression of left common iliac vein by right common iliac artery
What is the most common cause of pericarditis?
Viruses
Pain in pericarditis is relieved by what?
Sitting forward
Friction rub is characteristic of what?
Pericarditis
What is seen on an EKG in pericarditis?
Diffuse ST elevation w/ depression of PR segment
What is the mainstay of tx for pericarditis?
NSAIDs
What is a major complication of pericarditis?
Tamponade
Endocarditis should be suspected in all patients with what 2 things?
A fever of unknown origin and a heart murmur
Endocarditis causes what unique sx?
Night sweats
How is acute endocarditis tx?
Vancomycin
