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AGACNP Exam > Cardiovascular Disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Which valves are open and which are closed in S1?

A

AV valves are closed; semilunar valves are open

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2
Q

Which abnormal heart sound may be heard with increased fluid volume?

A

S3

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3
Q

Which abnormal heart sound may be heard with a stiff ventricular wall?

A

S4

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4
Q

What is the difference between a grade 3 and 4 murmur?

A

Grade 4 has a thrill and grade 3 does not

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5
Q

What type of murmur does mitral stenosis cause?

A

Loud S1 murmur

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6
Q

What type of murmur does mitral regurgitation cause?

A

Systolic murmur

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7
Q

What type of murmur does aortic stenosis cause?

A

Systolic, 2nd R ICS

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8
Q

What type of murmur does aortic regurg cause?

A

Diastolic, 2nd L ICS

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9
Q

Where does a mitral regurg murmur radiate?

A

To base or L axilla

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10
Q

Which murmur radiates to neck?

A

Aortic stenosis

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11
Q

What two murmurs are diastolic?

A

Mitral stenosis and aortic regurg

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12
Q

What two murmurs are systolic?

A

Mitral regurg and aortic stenosis

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13
Q

A murmur heard at the 5th ICS is coming from which valve?

A

Mitral

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14
Q

A murmur heard at the 2nd or 3rd ICS is coming from which valve?

A

Aortic

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15
Q

Which type of HF causes pulmonary sx?

A

Acute (left-sided) HF

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16
Q

What causes dependent edema in R sided HF?

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

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17
Q

JVD, hepatomegaly and dependent edema are signs of HF on what side?

A

R side

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18
Q

A pt who needs to sleep with three pillows would be what NYHA Functional Class of HF?

A

Class 3

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19
Q

What is the number one med class for standard of care in HF pts?

A

ACE inhibitors

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20
Q

What will you see in the eye with HTN?

A

AV nicking

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21
Q

What is considered normal BP?

A

Less than 120 SBP AND less than 80 DBP

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22
Q

What is considered Stage 1 HTN?

A

130-139 OR 80-89

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23
Q

What is considered Stage 2 HTN?

A

Greater than or equal to 140 SBP OR greater than or equal to 90 DBP

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24
Q

What is the goal BP for every pt?

A

Less than 130 SBP and less than 80 DBP

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25
Q

A diabetic pt with HTN should be on what class of med?

A

ACE inhibitor or ARB

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26
Q

What class of med is first choice in treating a non African-American pt w/HTN?

A

Thiazide diuretic

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27
Q

What class of med is first choice in treating an African-American pt w/HTN?

A

Thiazide diuretic

28
Q

What is BP in hypertensive urgency?

A

Equal to or greater than 180/110

29
Q

How to treat hypertensive urgency?

A

Oral agent such as clonidine

30
Q

What is BP in hypertensive emergency?

A

Equal to or greater than 180/120

31
Q

What type of angina is caused by vasospasm?

A

Prinzmetal’s angina

32
Q

What will Prinzmetal’s angina show on an EKG?

A

ST elevation

33
Q

How is Prinzmetal’s angina tx?

A

Calcium channel blockers

34
Q

What is Levine’s sign seen in?

A

Angina

35
Q

What will likely be seen on an EKG with angina?

A

ST depression

36
Q

Total cholesterol should be below what?

A

200

37
Q

Very low density lipoproteins should be below what?

A

150

38
Q

LDL should be below what?

A

100

39
Q

HDL should be above what?

A

40

40
Q

What three classes of meds are used to treat angina?

A

Nitrates, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers

41
Q

What are the two most common causes of sudden cardiac death?

A

Coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathies

42
Q

Lateral MI has ST elevation in which leads?

A

I, aVL

43
Q

Inferior MI has ST elevation in which leads?

A

II, III, aVF

44
Q

Anterior MI has ST elevation in which leads?

A

V leads (esp. V3 and V4)

45
Q

What occurs in a 1st degree AV block?

A

PR interval > 0.2 seconds

46
Q

What type of heart block has a gradually increasing PR interval until a QRS complex is dropped?

A

Type 1 second-degree AV block

47
Q

What type of heart block has an irregular ventricular rhythm with dropped QRS complexes?

A

Type 2 second-degree AV block

48
Q

Why are ACE inhibitors used after MI?

A

To help prevent ventricular remodeling

49
Q

What is a therapeutic INR for someone on coumadin?

A

2-3

50
Q

BP of greater than or equal to what is a contraindication for tPA?

A

185/110

51
Q

Shiny hairless skin is seen in what?

A

PVD

52
Q

In PVD, the lower extremities are red in what position?

A

Dependent position

53
Q

How is PVD diagnosed?

A

With an ankle-brachial index

54
Q

Claudication is caused by what?

A

PVD

55
Q

Aching of lower extremities that is relieved by elevation is a sign of what?

A

Chronic venous insufficiency

56
Q

Which syndrome can mimic chronic venous insufficiency?

A

May-Thurner syndrome

57
Q

What is May-Thurner syndrome?

A

Compression of left common iliac vein by right common iliac artery

58
Q

What is the most common cause of pericarditis?

A

Viruses

59
Q

Pain in pericarditis is relieved by what?

A

Sitting forward

60
Q

Friction rub is characteristic of what?

A

Pericarditis

61
Q

What is seen on an EKG in pericarditis?

A

Diffuse ST elevation w/ depression of PR segment

62
Q

What is the mainstay of tx for pericarditis?

A

NSAIDs

63
Q

What is a major complication of pericarditis?

A

Tamponade

64
Q

Endocarditis should be suspected in all patients with what 2 things?

A

A fever of unknown origin and a heart murmur

65
Q

Endocarditis causes what unique sx?

A

Night sweats

66
Q

How is acute endocarditis tx?

A

Vancomycin

AGACNP Exam (14 decks)

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