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Sports Studies > Cardiovascular and respiratory systems > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Flashcards

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Sports Trivia flashcards
1
Q

What does the pulmonary circuit do?

A

The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.

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2
Q

What does the systemic circuit do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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3
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart.

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4
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart.

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5
Q

Structure of the heart:

Left side -

A

The left side of the cardiac muscle has a thicker muscular wall which can contract with more force to circulate oxygenated blood from the lungs through the large systemic circuit to the muscles and organs.

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6
Q

Structure of the heart:

Right side -

A

The right side of the cardiac muscle contracts to circulate the deoxygenated blood from the body through the pulmonary circuit to the lungs.

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7
Q

Path of blood through the heart:

Left side -

A

-Blood is oxygenated at the lungs
-Brought back to left atria through pulmonary vein
-Oxygenated blood moves from left atria, through left AV valve and into left ventricle
-Oxygenated blood forced out left side of the heart into the aorta
-Aorta carries oxygenated blood to muscle and organs

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8
Q

Path of blood through the heart:

Right side -

A

-Deoxygenated blood from muscles + organs back at right atria through vena cava
-From right atria, through right AV valve into right Ventricle
-Forced out right side of heart into pulmonary artery
-Pulmonary artery carries deox blood back to lungs

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9
Q

What is the conduction system?

A

A set of structures in the cardiac muscle which create and transmit an electrical impulse, forcing the atria and ventricles to contract.

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10
Q

Myogenic definition:

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract.

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11
Q

What are the 5 structures in the conduction system?

A

1) SA node
2) AV node
3) Bundle of His
4) Bundle branches
5) Purkinje Fibres

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12
Q

Diastole definition:

A

The relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood.

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13
Q

Systole definition:

A

The contraction phase of cardiac muscle where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

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14
Q

Cardiac diastole definition:

A

The relaxation of the cardiac muscle, firstly the atria then the ventricles.

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15
Q

Cardiac systole definition:

A

The contraction of the cardiac muscle, firstly the atria then the ventricles.

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16
Q

What is the Cardiac cycle in order?

A

1) Diastole
2) Atrial Systole
3) Ventricular systole
4) Returns to Diastole

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17
Q

What happens at diastole in the cardiac cycle?

A
  • As the atria and ventricles relax, they expand drawing blood into the atria
  • The pressure in the atria increases opening the AV valves
  • SL valves are closed to prevent blood from leaving the heart
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18
Q

What happens at atrial systole in the cardiac cycle?

A

The atria contract, forcing remaining blood into the ventricles.

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19
Q

What happens at ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle?

A
  • The ventricles contract, increasing the pressure closing the AV valves to prevent backflow into the atria
  • SL valves are forced open as blood is ejected from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary artery
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20
Q

Heart rate definition:

A

Number of beats per minute

21
Q

What is the average untrained HR at rest?

A

70-72 bpm

22
Q

What is the average trained HR at rest?

A

50 bpm

23
Q

How can maximal HR be calculated?

A

HR max = 220 - age

24
Q

Stroke volume (SV) definition:

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat.

25
Q

What is the average untrained SV at rest?

A

70 ml

26
Q

What is the average trained SV at rest?

A

100 ml

27
Q

Venous return definition:

A

The return of the blood to the right atria through the veins/The flow of blood back to the heart.

28
Q

Cardiac output (Q) definition:

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.

29
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

HR x SV = Q
Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

30
Q

What is the average untrained Q at rest?

A

5 L/min

31
Q

What is the average trained Q at rest?

A

5 L/min

32
Q

What is sub-maximal exercise?

A

Low to moderate instensity within a performers aerobic capacity or below the anaerobic threshold. It is associated with aerobic work.

33
Q

What is maximal exercise?

A

High intensity above a performer’s aerobic capacity, which will take a performer to exhaustion. it is associated with anaerobic work and fatigue.

34
Q

How is stroke volume effected by exercise intensity?

A

Stroke volume increases in proportion to exercise intensity until a plateau is reached at approximately 40-60% of working capacity.

35
Q

What is Starling’s Law?

A

Increased venous return leads to an increased stroke volume, due to an increased stretch of the ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction.

36
Q

Untrained performer:

Heart rate at Sub-maximal intensity =

A

100-130 bpm

37
Q

What is the cardiac control centre (CCC)?

A

A control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation.

38
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR, specifically during exercise.

39
Q

What is the Parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing responsible for decreasing HR, specifically during recovery.

40
Q

What are Chemoreceptors?

A

Inform the CCC of Chemical changes in the blood stream.

E.g. Increased levels of CO2 and lactic acid.

41
Q

What are Proprioceptors?

A

Inform the the CCC of motor activity.

42
Q

What are Baroreceptors?

A

Inform the CCC of increased blood pressure.

43
Q

Vasodilate definition:

A

Widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters.

44
Q

Vasoconstrict definition:

A

Narrowing of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters.

45
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Bring the blood slowly into close contact with the muscle and organ cells for gaseous exchange.

46
Q

What do veins and venules do?

A

Transport deoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs back to the heart.

47
Q

Mechanisms of venous return:

A
  • Pocket valves
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Gravity
  • Muscle pump
  • Respiratory pump
48
Q

What is the Vascular shunt mechanism?

A

The redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases the percentage of blood flow to the skeletal muscles.

Sports Studies (19 decks)

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