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USMLE Step 2 Rapid Review > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Classic ECG finding in atrial flutter

A

“Sawtooth” P waves

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2
Q

Definition of unstable angina

A

Angina that is new or worsening with no raising in troponin level

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3
Q

Antihypertensive for a diabetic patient with proteinuria

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme ingibitor

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4
Q

Beck triad for cardiac tamonade

A

Hypotension, distant heart sounds and jugular venous distention (JVD)

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5
Q

Drugs that slow heart rate

A

Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers , digoxin amiodarone

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6
Q

Hypercholesterolemia treatment that leads to flushing and pruritius

A

Niacin

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7
Q

Murmur —hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopath

A

A systolic ejection murmur heard along the lateral sternal border that elevated with lowered preload (Valsalva maneuver)

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8
Q

Murmur — aortic insufficiency

A

Austin Flint murmur, a diastolic, decrescendo, low-pitched, blowing murmur that is best heard sitting up; elevated with elevated afterload (handgrip maneuver)

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9
Q

Murmur — aortic stenosis

A

A systolic crescendo / decrescendo murmur that radiates to the neck; elevated with elevated preload (squatting maneuver)

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10
Q

Murmur — mitral regurgitation

A

A holosystolic murmur that radiates to axilla: raised with elevated afterload (handgrip maneuver)

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11
Q

Murmur —- mitral stenosis

A

A diastolic , mid- to late, low-tiched murmur preceded by an opening snap

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12
Q

Treatment for atrial fibrilation and atrial flutter

A

If untable, cardiovert. If stabele or chronic, rate control with CCBs or beta-blokkers

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13
Q

Treatment for ventricular fibrilaltion

A

Immediate cardioversion

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14
Q

Drssler syndrome

A

An autoimmune reaction with fever, pericarditis, and elevated ESR occurring 2-4 weeks post -MI

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15
Q

IV drug use with JVD and a holosystiolic murmur at the left sternal border. Treatment?

A

Treat existing heart failure, and replace the tricuspid valve.

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16
Q

Diagnostic test for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Echocardiogram (showing a thickenend left ventricular wall and outflow obstruction)

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17
Q

Pulsus paradoxus

A

A lowering in systolic BP of > 10 mmHg with inspiration; seen in cardiac tamponade

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18
Q

Classic ECG findings in pericarditis

A

Low-voltage diffuse ST-segment elevation

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19
Q

Eight surgically correctable causes of hypertension

A

Renal artery stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, pheochromocytoma, Conn syndrome, Cushing syndrome, unilateral rnal parenchymal disease, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism

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20
Q

Evaluation of a pulsatile abdominal mass and bruit

A

Abdominal ultrasound and CT

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21
Q

Indications for surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

> 5,5 cma, rapidly enlarging, symptomatic, or ruptured

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22
Q

Treatment for acute coronary syndrome

A

ASA, heparin clopidogrel, morphine, Oé, sublingual nitroglycerin, IV beta-blockers

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23
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

Abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL, hypertension, insulin resistance, prothrombotic or proinflammatory states

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24
Q

Appropirate diagnostic test?

* A 50 - year old man with stable angina can exercise to 85% of maximum predicted heart rate

A

Exercise stress treadmill with ECG

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25
Q

Appropirate diagnostic test?

* A 65-year - old woman with left bundle branch block and severe osteoarthritis has unstable angina

A

Pharmacologic stress test (eg, dobutamine echo)

26
Q

Signs of active ischemia during stress testing

A

Angina, ST-segment changes on ECG, or lowered BP

27
Q

ECG findings suggesting MI

A

ST - segment elevation (depression meands ischemia), flattened T wqaves ,and Q waves

28
Q

Coronary territories in MI

A

Anterior wall (LAD / diagonal), inferior (PDA), posterior (left circumflex/ oblique, RCA/largubak) n seotyl (LAD/ diagonal)

29
Q

A young patient with angina at rest and ST-segment elevation with normal cardiac enzymes

A

Prinzmetal angina

30
Q

Common symptoms associated with silent MIs

A

CHF, shock, and altered mental status

31
Q

Diagnostic test for pulmonary embolism

A

Spiral CT with contrast

32
Q

Protamine

A

Reversses the effects of heparin

33
Q

Prothrombin time

A

The coagulation parameter affected by warfarin

34
Q

A young patient with a family history of sudden death collapses and dies while exercising

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

35
Q

Endocarditis prophylaxis regimens

A

Oral surgery–amoxicillin for certain situations; GI or GU procerdures — not recommended

36
Q

Virchow triad

A

Stasis hypercoagulability, endotherlial damage

37
Q

The most common cause of hypertension in young woman

A

OCPs

38
Q

The most common cause of hypertension in young men

A

Excessive EtOH

39
Q

Figure 3 sign

A

Aortic coarctation

40
Q

Water bottle-shaped heart

A

Pericardial effusion. Look for pulses paradoxus

41
Q

Ekg kenmerk bij longproblemen (“P”ulmonair)

A

“P”eaked P waves

42
Q

Ekg kenmerk bij “M”itralis oorzaken

A

“M”- shaped P waves

43
Q

Hart auscultatie locaties: mnemonic

A

All Physcisians Take Money (aorta, pulmonair, triscupidalis, mitralis)

44
Q

Management options for atrial fibrilation: mnemonic

A

ABCD : anticoagulate; Beta-blokkers to controle rate; Cardiovert/Calcium channel blockers; Digoxin (in refractory cases)

45
Q

Welk nut hebben diuretica en digoxin bij CHF vnl.

A

symptomatisch verlichten, geen levensreddend voordeel

46
Q

Acute CHV management Mnemonic

A

LMNOP: Lasix; Morphine; Nitraten; O2; Position (rechtop)

47
Q

S3 galop associatie?

A

gedilateerde Cardio myopathie

48
Q

S4 galop mogelijks associatie?

A

hypertrofisch Cardio Myopathie

49
Q

Common causes of chesgt pain

A

include GERD, angina, esophageal pain, musculoskeletal disorders (costochondritis, trauma) and pneumonia

50
Q

Welke 2 medicatie vertonen levensreddende eigenschappen bij angina pectoris

A

ASA en beta-blockers

51
Q

Enzymen in bloed bij onstabiele angina? Mnemonic

A

U Aint got enzymes with Unstable Angina

52
Q

Mnemonic: When your “MOAN”ing from an MI, remember

A

Morphine, O2, Asa, Nitrogen

53
Q

Wanneer spreek je van dyslipidemia in bloed?

A

LDL > 130 mg/dl of HDL< 40mg/dL

54
Q

Behandeling Hypertensie: mnemonic

A 
ABCD: 
ACEs/ARBs ; 
Beta-blockerz; 
CCBs; 
Diuretics
55
Q

Oorzaken secund. hypertensiemnemonic

A 
CHAPS:
Cushing; 
Hyperaldosteronism; 
Aortic coarctation; 
Pheochromocytoma; 
Stenosis of renal arteries
56
Q

Hypertensie - emergencies : op welke basis worden ze gediagnosticeerd

A

Op basis van end - organ damage , niet op basis van bloeddruk

57
Q

Oorzaken van pericarditis: mnemonic

A 
CARDIAC RIND: 
Collagen vascular disease;
Aortic dissection;
Radiation; 
Drugs; 
Infections; 
Acute Renal failure
Cardiac (MI)
Rheumatic fever
Injury
Neoplasms
Dressler syndrome
58
Q

ST-segment verhogingen in pericarditis onderscheiden zich van MI door?

A

dat ze niet gelocaliseerd zijn in 1 regio van het hart

59
Q

Beck triad can diagnose cardiac tamponade

A

JVD
Hypotensie
Distant heart sounds

60
Q

Onderscheid aorta aneurisma en aortic dissection

A

aortic aneurism often associated with arteriosclerose, aortic dissection is offen associated with HTN

61
Q

Emergency ascending against descending aortic dissections

A

ascending are surgical emergencies, descending are still emergencies, but can often be treated medicaly

62
Q

6 P’s of acute ischemia

A 
Pain
Pallor
Paralysis
Pulse deficit
Paresthesias
Poikilothermia

USMLE Step 2 Rapid Review (14 decks)

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