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BMSC 207 > Cardiovascular 3 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the SA node?

A

It serves as the pacemaker of the heart.

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2
Q

What are the four special conducting bundles in atrial conduction?

A

SA node, AV node, Bachmann’s bundle, and internodal pathways.

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3
Q

What does Bachmann’s bundle do?

A

Conducts action potentials from the SA pacemaker into the left atrium.

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4
Q

What are the three types of internodal pathways?

A

Anterior, middle, and posterior internodal pathways.

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5
Q

What is the role of the internodal pathways?

A

Conduct the action potential from the SA node to the AV node.

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6
Q

How does atrial conduction compare to ventricular conduction?

A

Atrial conduction is relatively slow.

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7
Q

What is the typical time for atrial conduction?

A

80-100 ms.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The action potentials from the SA node depolarize the _______ muscle.

A

right atrial

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9
Q

True or False: Atrial conduction is faster than ventricular conduction.

A

False

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10
Q

Ventricular Ring

A

a layer of connective tissue that prevents conduction directly from atria to ventricle
-conduction slow down through the AV node to allow blood from atria to empty into ventricles

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11
Q

Ventricular conduction Depolarization

A

-process through the septum to the apex (bundle of his followed by bundle branches)
-then spreads up the walls of the ventricles from apex to Purkinje fibers, or the base

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12
Q

Ventricular conduction occurs

A

More rapidly, about 60-100ms

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13
Q

Pathway of ventricular conduction

A

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Bundle branches, Purkinje fibres

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14
Q

Ventricular muscles have what arrangement that does what?

A

They have spiral arrangement that ensures blood is squeezed UP from the apex (bottom left) of the heart

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15
Q

What happens if electrical activity cannot be transferred from the atria into the ventricles?

A

A complete conduction block is caused by damage in conduction pathway
-block at bundle of his fresults in complete dissasociation between the atria and ventricles

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16
Q

What happens during a complete conduction block?

A

The SA node continues to be the pacemaker, but the electrical activity doesn’t make it to the ventricles
-Purkinje fibres take over as pacemaker for the ventricles
-requires an artificial pacemaker

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17
Q

ECG

A

Electrocardiogram
-place electrodes on the skins surface and record the electrical activity of all the cells of the heart

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18
Q

Einthovens triangle for ECG

A

Right arm negative, left arm positive on top negative on bottom, legs are both positive
-creates a triangle of positive to negative attachments

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19
Q

If the electrical activity of the heart is moving towards the positive electrode of the lead, what kind of deflection happens

A

An upward direction comes from electrical activity moving upwards
-current flow vector is pointed towards the positive electrode

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20
Q

Electrical activity moving AWAY from a positive electrode is

A

A downward reflection
-current flow vector is pointed towards the negative electrode

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21
Q

Electrical activity moving perpendicular to the axis of the electrodes causes

A

No deflection
-across the lead
-vector that is pointed perpendicular to the axis of the electrode

22
Q

ECG waves

A

Appear as deflections above or below the baseline

23
Q

ECG Segments

A

Are the sections of baseline between 2 waves

24
Q

ECG Intervals

A

Are the combination of waves and segments

25
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

26
Q

P-R segment

A

conduction through AV node and AV bundle
-atria contract

27
Q

QRS complex

A

The rise, where R is the top
-ventricular depolarization (contraction)
-hides atrial repolarization

28
Q

T wave

A

The end after the QRS
-ventricular repolarization (relaxing)

29
Q

Q wave

A

Depolarization (contraction) of ventricular septum

30
Q

R wave

A

Ventricle walls depolarizing (contracting)

31
Q

ST Segment

A

Plateau phase
-calcium and potassium come in

32
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization
Ca channels close, potassium out

33
Q

Heart rate in ECG

A

Is the P-wave to P-wave or R to R

34
Q

Tachycardia

A

Faster heart rate

35
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slower HR

36
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Abnormal heart beat
-can be the result of many issues

37
Q

How to tell issues with the heart through ECG

A

-is each P, Q, R, S, T wave present?
-is there one QRS complex for every P wave?
-is the PR segment constant?
-elongated segments indicate some sort of damage

38
Q

Arrthymias can appear as

A

Elongated segments or intervals
-altered, missing, or additional waves

39
Q

Premature ventricular contractions

A

Purkinje fibers randomly kick in as pacemakers
-due to; insufficient O2 to myocardium, excessive Ca2+, hypokalemia, meds, exercise, high adrenaline

Is perceived as a skipped beat or palpation

40
Q

Long QT syndrome

A

Usually due to K+
-delayed repolarization of the ventricles
-can be drug induced

41
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

One complete contraction and relaxation

42
Q

Diastole vs Systole

A

Diastole is the time which cardiac muscle relaxes
Systole is the time which cardiac muscle contracts

43
Q

5 Phases of a single cardiac cycle:

A
  1. The heart at rest: atrial and ventricular diastole, late diastole
  2. Completion of ventricular filling (atrial systole)
  3. Early ventricular contraction (isovolumetric ventricular contraction)
  4. The heart pumps (ventricular ejection)
  5. Ventricular relaxation (isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, early diastole)
44
Q

The Lub and Dub sounds of the heart are

A

LUB: AV valves snapping shut during early ventricular contraction
DUB: semi lunar valves snapping shut during ventricular relaxation

45
Q

Step 1: The heart at rest

A

Atrial and Ventricular Diastole (late diastole)
-cycle starts with atria relaxes and filling with blood from veins

-ventricles begin to relax, when ventricles are relaxed enough and pressure in atria exceeds ventricles, AV valve opens and ventricles fill passively with blood from atria

46
Q

Step 2: Completion of ventricular filling

A

Atrial Systole
-most blood enters ventricles passively but under normal resting conditions, the last 20% enters when the atria contract

47
Q

Step 3: Early ventricular contraction

A

Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction
-ventricles begin to contract, builds up pressure in ventricles ands causes AV valves to snap shut
-this snapping shut is the LUB
-both valves are now closed and then the ventricle continues to contract building up pressure

48
Q

Step 4: The Heart Pumps

A

Ventricular Ejection
-as the ventricles contract pressure in the ventricle exceeds pressure in the outflow arteries (aorta or pulmonary arteries), causing the semi lunar valves to open and blood to flow out

49
Q

Step 5: Ventricular Relaxation

A

Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation
-ventricles begin to relax, pressure in the outflow artieries begin to exceed the ventricles, causing blood to attempt to flow backward into the ventricles
-causes the semi lunar valves to snap shut, causing the DUB

50
Q

Step 5: Ventricular Relaxation

A

Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation
-ventricles begin to relax, pressure in the outflow artieries begin to exceed the ventricles, causing blood to attempt to flow backward into the ventricles
-causes the semi lunar valves to snap shut, causing the DUB

BMSC 207 (15 decks)

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