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GCSE > Cardiovasclar System > Flashcards

Cardiovasclar System Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

It is located in the middle of the chest and slightly towards the left

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2
Q

How big is the heart?

A

If you clench your hand into a fist, this is the same size as your heart

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3
Q

What is a heart?

A

The heart is a large muscular pump and is divided into two halves - the right-hand side and the left-hand side.

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4
Q

What is the function of the right hand side of the heart?

A

The right-hand side of the heart is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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5
Q

What is the function of the left hand side of the heart?

A

The left-hand side pumps oxygenated blood around the body

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6
Q

What is the function of the atrium?

A

The atria (plural of atrium) are where the blood collects when it enters the heart

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7
Q

What is the function of the ventricles?

A

The ventricles pump the blood out of the heart to the lungs or around the body

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8
Q

What is the function of the septum?

A

The septum separates the right-hand and left-hand side of the heart

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9
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

A

The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle and opens due to a build-up of pressure in the right atrium

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10
Q

What is the function of the bicuspid valve?

A

The bicuspid valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle and likewise opens due to a build-up of pressure, this time in the left atrium

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11
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

The semilunar valves stop the back flow of blood into the heart

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12
Q

Name the four main blood vessels

A

Aorta
Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein

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13
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to the body

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14
Q

What is the function vein cava?

A

The vena cava is the largest vein in the body. It carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart

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15
Q

What is function of pulmonary artery?

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs

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16
Q

What is function of pulmonary vein?

A

The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

17
Q

What do arteries carry?

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except for the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs)

18
Q

What are the four main function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body
Remove the waste products such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid
Protection against disease and infection
Maintain body temperature

19
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

When the heart contracts it pushes blood into blood vessels which creates blood pressure

20
Q

A blood pressure reading consists of two values, what are they and what do they mean?

A

Systolic value – blood pressure while the heart is squeezing

Diastolic value – blood pressure while the heart is relaxing

21
Q

What is the average blood pressure for an adult?

A

The average blood pressure for an adult is 120/80 mmHg

The first number is the systolic value and the second number is the diastolic value

22
Q

What is blood pressure determined by?

A

Blood pressure is determined by Q (cardiac output) and the resistance to the blood flow (R)

23
Q

What is resistance to blood flow caused by?

A

Resistance to blood flow is caused both by the diameter of the blood vessels and by the thickness of the blood

24
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Plaque in the arteries, their resistance to blood flow will increase and so will blood pressure

25
Q

Why is this so bad?

A

This can have serious health implications such as causing chronic high blood pressure, angina or even heart attack or stroke

26
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Heart rate (HR) is the number of times the heart beats (or the ventricles pump blood out) in one minute. The average resting HR is approximately 70 beats per minute (bpm)

27
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles each time they contract. The average resting SV is approximately 70 ml

28
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (Q) is the amount of blood pumped from the heart every minute and can be calculated by multiplying heart rate (HR) by stroke volume (SV)

29
Q

What does this mean?

Q = HR x SV

A

Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume

30
Q

What is heart rate measured by?

A

Heart rate is measured in beats per minute (bpm)

31
Q

What happens to the heart rate during exercise?

A

During exercise the heart rate increases so that sufficient blood is taken to the working muscles to provide them with enough nutrients and oxygen. An increase in heart rate also allows for waste products to be removed.

32
Q

What is the equation to find maximum heart rate?

A

Maximum HR = 220 - age

33
Q

What happens to the stroke volume during exercise?

A

Stroke volume increases which means more blood is pumped out of the heart each time it contracts.

34
Q

What happens to the cardiac output during exercise?

A

At rest a person’s cardiac output is approximately 5 litres per minute, while during exercise it can increase to as much as 30 litres per minute as both their heart rate and stroke volume increase.

35
Q

What happens to the blood pressure during exercise?

A

As exercise increases, cardiac output (Q) also increases. This has the effect of increasing blood pressure.
A typical blood pressure reading for a person at the start of exercise would be around 160/85 mmHg

GCSE (14 decks)

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