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Summer NPTE Cradiopulm > cardiopulm 2 - pathology of the lungs > Flashcards

cardiopulm 2 - pathology of the lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

sudden respirtory failure 2/2 fluid accumaltion in the aveoli

fluid leaking from small blood vessels into the aveoli

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2
Q

what population does ADRS normally occur in

A

critially ill

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3
Q

what are the signs and sym of ARDS

A

severe SOB

labored rapid breathing

hypotension

confusion

extreme fatigue

cough

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4
Q

what is the treatment for ARDS

A

oxygen or supplement oxygen

it is important to find out the cause of ARDS becasue this determines how to treat it

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5
Q

what is asthma

A

chronic inflammation of the airways caused by an increase in airway sensitivity to various stimuli

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6
Q

what are the signs and sym of asthma

A

wheezing, chest tightness and slight SOB

severe: cyanosis, flaring nostrils

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7
Q

what is the treatment for asthma

A

reduce exposure to known triggers

two classes of med: anti-inflammatory and bronchodilators

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8
Q

what are examle of anti-inflammatory agents

A

corticosteriods

cromolyn sodium

leukotriene modifiers

these are preventive action

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9
Q

what are examples of bronchodilators

A

beta-adrenergic agonist

methylanthines

antichlonergics

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10
Q

what is atelectasis

A

a condition in which one or more of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly

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11
Q

what can cause atelatasis

A

conditions and factors that prevent deep breathng and coughing

post-op, pleural effusions, tumor, ARDS, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis

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12
Q

what are the signs ans sym of atelatasis

A

small area - no sym

large area - cynaosis, SOB, increased breathing rate, and increase HR

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13
Q

what is bronchiectasis

A

a progressive obstructive lung disease that produces abnormal dilation of the bronchus

irreversible condition - the brochi wall weakens over time and allows for dilation

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14
Q

what often causes bronchiectasis

A

chronic infections, aspiration, cystic fibrosis, or immue system impairments

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15
Q

what are the signs and sym of bronchiectasis

A

consistent productive cough, hemoptysis, wirght loos, anemia, crackle and wheeze, and lous breath soundns

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16
Q

what is bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchic

hypertrophy of the mucus secreting glands, increased mucus secretions, insufficient oxygenation 2/2 increased mucus

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17
Q

what is primary causes of chronic bronchitis

A

citgrette smoking

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18
Q

what are the signs and sym of bronchitis

A

persistant cough

thick spetum

increase used fo accessory muscles

wheezing, dyspnea, cyanosis

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19
Q

what is the treatment for bronchitis

A

improving breathing - rest, fluids, breathing moist air cough suppresent

chronic - antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, brochodilators

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20
Q

what is COPD

A

group of lung diseases that block airflow 2/2 narrowing of the brochial tree

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21
Q

what are the two main conditions that make up COPD

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

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22
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

the volume of air that is in the lungs after max expiration

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23
Q

what is residual volume

A

the volume of the gas remaining in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration

25% of total lung volume

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24
Q

what lungs volumes chnage with COPD

A

total lung capacity and residual volume

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25
what is the major cuase of COPD
smoking
26
what are the signs and sym of COPD
excessive mucus production chronic productive cough wheezing SOB fatigue reduced exercise capicity
27
what is the treatment for COPD
meds - brochodilators, inhaled corticosteriods, supplemental oxy, antibiotics (with bacteria infections)
28
what is cystic fibrosis
genetic disease (recessive) of the exocrine glands effects - lungs, pancrease, liver,intestines, sinuses, and sex organs the body produces thick stick mucus that organ issues
29
what are the signs and sym of cystic fibrosis
salty skin perisitent productive cough lung infections poor growth and weight despite eating habits
30
what is the treatment for cystic fibrosis
antibiotic nutrients supplements other studd
31
what are PT do for cystic fibrosis
airway clearences breathing techniques assistent cough ventilator training
32
what is emphysema
the avelor wall are gradual destroyed and aveloi are turned into large irregular pockets with holes in the wall the elastic fiber holding open the brochi are destroyed so the collapse during exhalation
33
what is the leading cause of emphysema
smoking
34
what are the signs and sym of emphysema
SOB wheezing chronic cough orthopnea barrel chest increase use of accessory muscles Increase RR fatigue decrease exercise capacity
35
what is peural effusion
a build up of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest cavity fluid can push on the lungs making it harder to breath
36
what is the cause of peural effusion
peuristis
37
what is the treatment for pleural effusion
treatment of the underlying condition like pleuristis
38
what is pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs
39
what is normally the cause of PNA
bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infection
40
what are the common signs of PNA
fever, cough, SOB, sweting, shaking, chills, chest pain the flucates with breaths
41
what is pulmonary edema
when fluid collects in the alveoli making it hard to breath acutely - this is a medical emergency
42
what is the main cause of pulmonary edema
the left ventricle is unable to pump blood well enough (left sided HF) this leads to back up in the left atrium which then effects the pulmonary veins and art
43
what are the signs of acute pulmary edema
extreme SOB SOB - with lots of sweating bubbly, wheezing or gasping sound during breathing frothy sputum- w/ blood cyanotic skin coloration rapid irregualr pulse severe drop in BP
44
what is a pulmonary embolism (PE)
a codition where one or more of the arteries in the lungs becomes blocked
45
what is the primary cause of PE
blood clots from the LE
46
what are the commone signs and symptoms of PE
sudden onset of SOB chest pain that is worse with deep breathing deep breaths harder with - coughing, eating, bending coughing up blood
47
what is the treatment for PE
anticoagulants and thromabolytic agents surgery to remove the clot
48
what are the factors included in Wells criteria
signs/sym of a DVT alterntive diagnosis are less likely heart rate > 100 bpm immobilzation or surgery in the last 4 weeks previous DVT or PE hemoptysis malignacy - treatment within the last 6 months or current palliative treatment
49
wells criteria - low risk
score < 2
50
wells criteria - moderate risk
2-6
51
wells criteria - high risk
> 6
52
GSC - mild injury
13 -15
53
GSC - mod injury
9 -12
54
GSC - severe injury
3-8
55
long COVID: medical coditions at risk
HTN, chronic lung disease, obesisty, DM, depression
56
long COVID: MSK
joint pain and muscle pain
57
long COVID: neuromuscular
memroy loss impaired cog process (brain fog) DM depression
58
long COVID: cardio
fatigue, SOB, chest pain, chest tightness, palpitations, wheezing
59
long COVID: multisystem
loss of smell altered taste sore throat aphonia - loss of voice loss of appetite
60
what is post-extertion malaise
the worsening of symptoms after minor physical or mental exertion
61
what is pulmonary fibrosis
microscopic damage to the alveoli causes irreversible scarring of the interstitial tissue scarring makes the interstitial tissue stiff and thick and the alveoli less flexible making breathing more difficult idiopathic
62
what is the most common sig of pulmonary fibrous
SOB during exertion dry cough - long term disease
63
what is the treatment for pulmonary fibrosis
there is nothing to stop the progression of disease treatment to improve QoL and symtoms
64
what is restrictive lung disease (RLD)
abnormal reduction in lung expansion and pulmonary ventilation
65
what is Lung parenchyma
he part of the lung that's primarily responsible for gas exchange at the alveolar level
66
what is RLD caused by
abnormal lung parenchyma - atelectasis, PNA, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmnary edmea, ARDS

Summer NPTE Cradiopulm (15 decks)

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