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Summer NPTE Cradiopulm > cardiopulm 2 - pathology of the lungs > Flashcards

cardiopulm 2 - pathology of the lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

sudden respirtory failure 2/2 fluid accumaltion in the aveoli

fluid leaking from small blood vessels into the aveoli

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2
Q

what population does ADRS normally occur in

A

critially ill

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3
Q

what are the signs and sym of ARDS

A

severe SOB

labored rapid breathing

hypotension

confusion

extreme fatigue

cough

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4
Q

what is the treatment for ARDS

A

oxygen or supplement oxygen

it is important to find out the cause of ARDS becasue this determines how to treat it

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5
Q

what is asthma

A

chronic inflammation of the airways caused by an increase in airway sensitivity to various stimuli

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6
Q

what are the signs and sym of asthma

A

wheezing, chest tightness and slight SOB

severe: cyanosis, flaring nostrils

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7
Q

what is the treatment for asthma

A

reduce exposure to known triggers

two classes of med: anti-inflammatory and bronchodilators

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8
Q

what are examle of anti-inflammatory agents

A

corticosteriods

cromolyn sodium

leukotriene modifiers

these are preventive action

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9
Q

what are examples of bronchodilators

A

beta-adrenergic agonist

methylanthines

antichlonergics

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10
Q

what is atelectasis

A

a condition in which one or more of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly

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11
Q

what can cause atelatasis

A

conditions and factors that prevent deep breathng and coughing

post-op, pleural effusions, tumor, ARDS, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis

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12
Q

what are the signs ans sym of atelatasis

A

small area - no sym

large area - cynaosis, SOB, increased breathing rate, and increase HR

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13
Q

what is bronchiectasis

A

a progressive obstructive lung disease that produces abnormal dilation of the bronchus

irreversible condition - the brochi wall weakens over time and allows for dilation

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14
Q

what often causes bronchiectasis

A

chronic infections, aspiration, cystic fibrosis, or immue system impairments

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15
Q

what are the signs and sym of bronchiectasis

A

consistent productive cough, hemoptysis, wirght loos, anemia, crackle and wheeze, and lous breath soundns

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16
Q

what is bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchic

hypertrophy of the mucus secreting glands, increased mucus secretions, insufficient oxygenation 2/2 increased mucus

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17
Q

what is primary causes of chronic bronchitis

A

citgrette smoking

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18
Q

what are the signs and sym of bronchitis

A

persistant cough

thick spetum

increase used fo accessory muscles

wheezing, dyspnea, cyanosis

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19
Q

what is the treatment for bronchitis

A

improving breathing - rest, fluids, breathing moist air cough suppresent

chronic - antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, brochodilators

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20
Q

what is COPD

A

group of lung diseases that block airflow 2/2 narrowing of the brochial tree

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21
Q

what are the two main conditions that make up COPD

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

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22
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

the volume of air that is in the lungs after max expiration

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23
Q

what is residual volume

A

the volume of the gas remaining in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration

25% of total lung volume

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24
Q

what lungs volumes chnage with COPD

A

total lung capacity and residual volume

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25
Q

what is the major cuase of COPD

A

smoking

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26
Q

what are the signs and sym of COPD

A

excessive mucus production

chronic productive cough

wheezing

SOB

fatigue

reduced exercise capicity

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27
Q

what is the treatment for COPD

A

meds - brochodilators, inhaled corticosteriods, supplemental oxy, antibiotics (with bacteria infections)

28
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

genetic disease (recessive) of the exocrine glands

effects - lungs, pancrease, liver,intestines, sinuses, and sex organs

the body produces thick stick mucus that organ issues

29
Q

what are the signs and sym of cystic fibrosis

A

salty skin

perisitent productive cough

lung infections

poor growth and weight despite eating habits

30
Q

what is the treatment for cystic fibrosis

A

antibiotic

nutrients supplements

other studd

31
Q

what are PT do for cystic fibrosis

A

airway clearences

breathing techniques

assistent cough

ventilator training

32
Q

what is emphysema

A

the avelor wall are gradual destroyed and aveloi are turned into large irregular pockets with holes in the wall

the elastic fiber holding open the brochi are destroyed so the collapse during exhalation

33
Q

what is the leading cause of emphysema

A

smoking

34
Q

what are the signs and sym of emphysema

A

SOB

wheezing

chronic cough

orthopnea

barrel chest

increase use of accessory muscles

Increase RR

fatigue

decrease exercise capacity

35
Q

what is peural effusion

A

a build up of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest cavity

fluid can push on the lungs making it harder to breath

36
Q

what is the cause of peural effusion

A

peuristis

37
Q

what is the treatment for pleural effusion

A

treatment of the underlying condition like pleuristis

38
Q

what is pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lungs

39
Q

what is normally the cause of PNA

A

bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infection

40
Q

what are the common signs of PNA

A

fever, cough, SOB, sweting, shaking, chills, chest pain the flucates with breaths

41
Q

what is pulmonary edema

A

when fluid collects in the alveoli making it hard to breath

acutely - this is a medical emergency

42
Q

what is the main cause of pulmonary edema

A

the left ventricle is unable to pump blood well enough (left sided HF)

this leads to back up in the left atrium which then effects the pulmonary veins and art

43
Q

what are the signs of acute pulmary edema

A

extreme SOB

SOB - with lots of sweating

bubbly, wheezing or gasping sound during breathing

frothy sputum- w/ blood

cyanotic skin coloration

rapid irregualr pulse

severe drop in BP

44
Q

what is a pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

a codition where one or more of the arteries in the lungs becomes blocked

45
Q

what is the primary cause of PE

A

blood clots from the LE

46
Q

what are the commone signs and symptoms of PE

A

sudden onset of SOB

chest pain that is worse with deep breathing

deep breaths harder with - coughing, eating, bending

coughing up blood

47
Q

what is the treatment for PE

A

anticoagulants and thromabolytic agents

surgery to remove the clot

48
Q

what are the factors included in Wells criteria

A

signs/sym of a DVT

alterntive diagnosis are less likely

heart rate > 100 bpm

immobilzation or surgery in the last 4 weeks

previous DVT or PE

hemoptysis

malignacy - treatment within the last 6 months or current palliative treatment

49
Q

wells criteria - low risk

A

score < 2

50
Q

wells criteria - moderate risk

A

2-6

51
Q

wells criteria - high risk

A

> 6

52
Q

GSC - mild injury

A

13 -15

53
Q

GSC - mod injury

A

9 -12

54
Q

GSC - severe injury

A

3-8

55
Q

long COVID: medical coditions at risk

A

HTN, chronic lung disease, obesisty, DM, depression

56
Q

long COVID: MSK

A

joint pain and muscle pain

57
Q

long COVID: neuromuscular

A

memroy loss

impaired cog process (brain fog)

DM

depression

58
Q

long COVID: cardio

A

fatigue, SOB, chest pain, chest tightness, palpitations, wheezing

59
Q

long COVID: multisystem

A

loss of smell

altered taste

sore throat

aphonia - loss of voice

loss of appetite

60
Q

what is post-extertion malaise

A

the worsening of symptoms after minor physical or mental exertion

61
Q

what is pulmonary fibrosis

A

microscopic damage to the alveoli causes irreversible scarring of the interstitial tissue

scarring makes the interstitial tissue stiff and thick and the alveoli less flexible making breathing more difficult

idiopathic

62
Q

what is the most common sig of pulmonary fibrous

A

SOB during exertion

dry cough - long term disease

63
Q

what is the treatment for pulmonary fibrosis

A

there is nothing to stop the progression of disease

treatment to improve QoL and symtoms

64
Q

what is restrictive lung disease (RLD)

A

abnormal reduction in lung expansion and pulmonary ventilation

65
Q

what is Lung parenchyma

A

he part of the lung that’s primarily responsible for gas exchange at the alveolar level

66
Q

what is RLD caused by

A

abnormal lung parenchyma - atelectasis, PNA, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmnary edmea, ARDS

Summer NPTE Cradiopulm (15 decks)

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