cardiopulm 2 - pathology of the lungs Flashcards
what is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
sudden respirtory failure 2/2 fluid accumaltion in the aveoli
fluid leaking from small blood vessels into the aveoli
what population does ADRS normally occur in
critially ill
what are the signs and sym of ARDS
severe SOB
labored rapid breathing
hypotension
confusion
extreme fatigue
cough
what is the treatment for ARDS
oxygen or supplement oxygen
it is important to find out the cause of ARDS becasue this determines how to treat it
what is asthma
chronic inflammation of the airways caused by an increase in airway sensitivity to various stimuli
what are the signs and sym of asthma
wheezing, chest tightness and slight SOB
severe: cyanosis, flaring nostrils
what is the treatment for asthma
reduce exposure to known triggers
two classes of med: anti-inflammatory and bronchodilators
what are examle of anti-inflammatory agents
corticosteriods
cromolyn sodium
leukotriene modifiers
these are preventive action
what are examples of bronchodilators
beta-adrenergic agonist
methylanthines
antichlonergics
what is atelectasis
a condition in which one or more of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly
what can cause atelatasis
conditions and factors that prevent deep breathng and coughing
post-op, pleural effusions, tumor, ARDS, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis
what are the signs ans sym of atelatasis
small area - no sym
large area - cynaosis, SOB, increased breathing rate, and increase HR
what is bronchiectasis
a progressive obstructive lung disease that produces abnormal dilation of the bronchus
irreversible condition - the brochi wall weakens over time and allows for dilation
what often causes bronchiectasis
chronic infections, aspiration, cystic fibrosis, or immue system impairments
what are the signs and sym of bronchiectasis
consistent productive cough, hemoptysis, wirght loos, anemia, crackle and wheeze, and lous breath soundns
what is bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchic
hypertrophy of the mucus secreting glands, increased mucus secretions, insufficient oxygenation 2/2 increased mucus
what is primary causes of chronic bronchitis
citgrette smoking
what are the signs and sym of bronchitis
persistant cough
thick spetum
increase used fo accessory muscles
wheezing, dyspnea, cyanosis
what is the treatment for bronchitis
improving breathing - rest, fluids, breathing moist air cough suppresent
chronic - antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, brochodilators
what is COPD
group of lung diseases that block airflow 2/2 narrowing of the brochial tree
what are the two main conditions that make up COPD
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
what is total lung capacity
the volume of air that is in the lungs after max expiration
what is residual volume
the volume of the gas remaining in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration
25% of total lung volume
what lungs volumes chnage with COPD
total lung capacity and residual volume
what is the major cuase of COPD
smoking
what are the signs and sym of COPD
excessive mucus production
chronic productive cough
wheezing
SOB
fatigue
reduced exercise capicity
what is the treatment for COPD
meds - brochodilators, inhaled corticosteriods, supplemental oxy, antibiotics (with bacteria infections)
what is cystic fibrosis
genetic disease (recessive) of the exocrine glands
effects - lungs, pancrease, liver,intestines, sinuses, and sex organs
the body produces thick stick mucus that organ issues
what are the signs and sym of cystic fibrosis
salty skin
perisitent productive cough
lung infections
poor growth and weight despite eating habits
what is the treatment for cystic fibrosis
antibiotic
nutrients supplements
other studd
what are PT do for cystic fibrosis
airway clearences
breathing techniques
assistent cough
ventilator training
what is emphysema
the avelor wall are gradual destroyed and aveloi are turned into large irregular pockets with holes in the wall
the elastic fiber holding open the brochi are destroyed so the collapse during exhalation
what is the leading cause of emphysema
smoking
what are the signs and sym of emphysema
SOB
wheezing
chronic cough
orthopnea
barrel chest
increase use of accessory muscles
Increase RR
fatigue
decrease exercise capacity
what is peural effusion
a build up of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest cavity
fluid can push on the lungs making it harder to breath
what is the cause of peural effusion
peuristis
what is the treatment for pleural effusion
treatment of the underlying condition like pleuristis
what is pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs
what is normally the cause of PNA
bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infection
what are the common signs of PNA
fever, cough, SOB, sweting, shaking, chills, chest pain the flucates with breaths
what is pulmonary edema
when fluid collects in the alveoli making it hard to breath
acutely - this is a medical emergency
what is the main cause of pulmonary edema
the left ventricle is unable to pump blood well enough (left sided HF)
this leads to back up in the left atrium which then effects the pulmonary veins and art
what are the signs of acute pulmary edema
extreme SOB
SOB - with lots of sweating
bubbly, wheezing or gasping sound during breathing
frothy sputum- w/ blood
cyanotic skin coloration
rapid irregualr pulse
severe drop in BP
what is a pulmonary embolism (PE)
a codition where one or more of the arteries in the lungs becomes blocked
what is the primary cause of PE
blood clots from the LE
what are the commone signs and symptoms of PE
sudden onset of SOB
chest pain that is worse with deep breathing
deep breaths harder with - coughing, eating, bending
coughing up blood
what is the treatment for PE
anticoagulants and thromabolytic agents
surgery to remove the clot
what are the factors included in Wells criteria
signs/sym of a DVT
alterntive diagnosis are less likely
heart rate > 100 bpm
immobilzation or surgery in the last 4 weeks
previous DVT or PE
hemoptysis
malignacy - treatment within the last 6 months or current palliative treatment
wells criteria - low risk
score < 2
wells criteria - moderate risk
2-6
wells criteria - high risk
> 6
GSC - mild injury
13 -15
GSC - mod injury
9 -12
GSC - severe injury
3-8
long COVID: medical coditions at risk
HTN, chronic lung disease, obesisty, DM, depression
long COVID: MSK
joint pain and muscle pain
long COVID: neuromuscular
memroy loss
impaired cog process (brain fog)
DM
depression
long COVID: cardio
fatigue, SOB, chest pain, chest tightness, palpitations, wheezing
long COVID: multisystem
loss of smell
altered taste
sore throat
aphonia - loss of voice
loss of appetite
what is post-extertion malaise
the worsening of symptoms after minor physical or mental exertion
what is pulmonary fibrosis
microscopic damage to the alveoli causes irreversible scarring of the interstitial tissue
scarring makes the interstitial tissue stiff and thick and the alveoli less flexible making breathing more difficult
idiopathic
what is the most common sig of pulmonary fibrous
SOB during exertion
dry cough - long term disease
what is the treatment for pulmonary fibrosis
there is nothing to stop the progression of disease
treatment to improve QoL and symtoms
what is restrictive lung disease (RLD)
abnormal reduction in lung expansion and pulmonary ventilation
what is Lung parenchyma
he part of the lung that’s primarily responsible for gas exchange at the alveolar level
what is RLD caused by
abnormal lung parenchyma - atelectasis, PNA, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmnary edmea, ARDS
