cardiopulm 1 - general heart

Question 1

what is the apex of the heart

Answer 1

the lowest part of the heart

inferior lateral part of the left ventricle

5th intercostal place, mid clavicular

Question 2

what is the base of the heart

Answer 2

the upper border of the heart

left and right atrium and the proximal protion of the great vessels

Question 3

what is the endocardium

Answer 3

the endothelial tissue that lines the interior of the heart chambers and valves

Question 4

what is the epicardium

Answer 4

the serous layer of the pericardium

contiains epicardium cornary art and viens, automic nerves and lympahtics

Question 5

what is the myocardium

Answer 5

the thick contractile middle layer of that forms the bulk of the heart wall

Question 6

what is the function of the aorta

Answer 6

largest art in the body

central conduit of blood from the heart to the body

Question 7

what is the inferior vena cava

Answer 7

returns body from the lower boduy to the right atrium

Question 8

what is the superior vena cava

Answer 8

vien that returns blood from the head, neck, and arm to the right atrium

Question 9

what are the pulmonary arteries

Answer 9

art that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 10

what are pulmonary viens

Answer 10

viens that carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium

Question 11

what is the function of the right chambers of the heart

Answer 11

right chambers - right atrium and ventricle

carry blood from the body and take it to the lungs to be oxygenated

Question 12

what is the function of the left chambers of the heart

Answer 12

carry blood from the lungs (oxy) to the body

Question 13

where is the AV valve located

Answer 13

between the atria and ventricle

Question 14

what is the other name from the right AV valve

Answer 14

the tricupsib valve

Question 15

what is another name for the left AV valve

Answer 15

the mitrial valve

Question 16

what are the coranary arteries

Answer 16

a connection of art that carry oxy blood to the myocardium

arises from the ascending aorta

Question 17

sinus node artery serves what part of the heart

Answer 17

right atrium

Question 18

right marginal artv serves what part of the heart

Answer 18

right ventricle

Question 19

the post descending art serves what part of the heart

Answer 19

inferior walls of both ventricles

inferior portion of the intraventriclar septum

Question 20

the circumflex art serves what part of the heart

Answer 20

left artium

posterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle

anterior and inferior walls of the left ventricle

Question 21

the left ant descending art serves what part of the heart

Answer 21

anterior portion of the interventriclar septum

Question 22

all of the cornary viens drain into what that leads where

Answer 22

coronary sinus which drains into the right atrium

Question 23

what is included in the cardiac conduction system

Answer 23

SA node, AV node, common AV bunndle (bundle of his), left and right bundle branches, and purkinje fibers

do not require nerve stimulation - they have automaticity

Question 24

what is the normal pace maker of the heart

Answer 24

the SA node

Question 25

what other system can impact the conducability of the heart

Answer 25

the autonomic NS - vagus and cardiac nerve

Question 26

sympathetic NS impact on the heart

Answer 26

increase rate of HR epi and norepi release

Question 27

parasympathetic NS impact on the heart

Answer 27

decreased HR acetylocholine

Question 28

what are chronotropic effects

Answer 28

change in heart rate

Question 29

what are ionotrophic effect

Answer 29

change in the force of contraction of the heart

Question 30

what is the baroreceptor reflex

Answer 30

these are mechanoreceptor that detect changes in pressure this is the relfex in which BP is maintained

Question 31

bianbridge reflex

Answer 31

occurs when the heart rate increases in response to a rise in atrial pressure a decrease in para activity

Question 32

what is the chemoreceptor reflex

Answer 32

cell loacted in the coratid body and the aortic body respond to chnages in pH status and blood oxy tension stimulate resportory centers and increase the rate and depth of ventilation

Question 33

at what pressure or pH do chemoreceptors go off

Answer 33

pressure - less the 50 mmhg pH- acidosis

Question 34

what is the valsava maneuver

Answer 34

forced expiration against a close glottis

Question 35

what is the result of the valsava maneuver

Answer 35

increase intrathoracic pressure and central venous pressure --> decrease in CO and BP return an abnormal heart rhythm to normal.

Question 36

cardiac cycle - artial systole

Answer 36

contraction of the left and right atrium > blood into the ventricles

Question 37

cardiac cycle - artial diastole

Answer 37

the period between artial contractions when the artia are repolarizing

Question 38

cardiac cycle - ventricle systole

Answer 38

contraction of the left and right ventricles

Question 39

cardiac cycle - ventricle diastole

Answer 39

the period between ventricle contractions when the ventricles are repolarizing

Question 40

what is pre load

Answer 40

the tension in the venticle wall at the end of diastole venoud filling pressure

Question 41

what is afterload

Answer 41

forces that stop the flow of blood out of the heart

Question 42

what is stroke volume

Answer 42

the volume of blood ejected by each contraction of the left ventricle

Question 43

what is normal stroke volume

Answer 43

60 - 80 ml

Question 44

what is cardiac output

Answer 44

the amount of blood pumped from the left or right ventricle on one minute CO = SV + HR

Question 45

what is normal CO

Answer 45

male: 4.5 - 5.0 L/min female - LITTLE less

Question 46

what is venous return

Answer 46

the amount of blood that reurns to the right atrium per min

Question 47

what does blood carry

Answer 47

oxy, nutrients, and takes waste from the cells

Question 48

what is normal blood volume

Answer 48

4.5 - 5 L

Question 49

what is hypovolemia

Answer 49

decrease in blood volume normally the blood plasma

Question 50

what are some causes of hypovolemia

Answer 50

bleeding dehydration vomiting sweating burns diuretics

Question 51

what are some signs and symptoms of hypovolemia

Answer 51

ortho hypo tachy elevated body temp

Question 52

what are some causes of hypervolemia

Answer 52

excessive fluids sodium of fluid retention (HF or kidney disease)

Question 53

what are some signs and symtoms fo hypervolemia

Answer 53

swelling of the legs ascites fluid in the lungs

Question 54

what is ascites

Answer 54

fluid in the abdomen

Question 55

what is plasma

Answer 55

this is the liquid component of blood - water, electrolytes, the fluid in which blood cell and platelets are suspended half of blood volume

Question 56

what is anemia

Answer 56

when the blood is not carring enough blood cells or the blood cells do not function properly

Question 57

what are platelets

Answer 57

thromobocytes assist in blood clotting - clump together at a bleeding site and form a plug

Question 58

what problems does a low number of platelets lead to

Answer 58

bursing and abnormal bleeding

Question 59

what is is polucythemia

Answer 59

to many RBC risk of stroke or heart attack

Question 60

what is difference between heart attack and heart failure

Answer 60

attack - when there is a loss of blood supply to the heart failure - the heart fails to pump blood efficiently

Question 61

what is thrombocytopenia

Answer 61

when there is not enough platelets

Question 62

what is thrombocytothemia

Answer 62

when there are too many plateles

Question 63

what are leucocytes

Answer 63

WBC

Question 64

what is the function of WBC

Answer 64

fight against infection low number of WBC increases the risk of infection