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MY NPTE > Cardiopulm > Flashcards

Cardiopulm Flashcards

1
Q

Active cycle of breathing

A
  1. Diaphragmatic breathing 5-10 sec
  2. Thoracic expansion exercises (3-4 deeeep breaths in to max inspiratory capacity followed by passive exhalation)
  3. Forced expiratory techniques (huffing)
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2
Q

Indications for inspiratory hold technique

A

hypoventilation
atelectasis
ineffective cough

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3
Q

Indications for lateral costal breathing

A

asymmetric chest wall expansion or posture

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4
Q

Paced breathing indications

A

dyspnea with exertion
decreased endurance
fatigue/anxiety

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5
Q

Describe paced breathing

A

controlling breathing with exercise

ex. inhaling on rest followed by exhalation during movement or exercise (weight lifting, stair climbing)

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6
Q

Inspiratory muscle training

A

nose clips to help you breathe only through mouth + inspiratory device to create resistance

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7
Q

Cheyne Strokes breathing

A

gradual increase in depths of respirations with periods of apnea

caused by cardiac insult

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8
Q

Biots breathing

A

randoms depths of respirations with periods of apnea

biot = brain

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9
Q

S4 heart sound

A

Ventricular hypertrophy or MI

not ever normal

happens during late diastole

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10
Q

S3 heart sound

A

Ventricular gallop
CHF

Although, can be normal finding or with seasoned athlete, pregnancy, or children

happens during early diastole

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11
Q

Symptoms of Right sided heart failure

A

jugular vein distension
swelling in legs and abdomen, ascites, pedal edema
enlarged liver

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12
Q

Symptoms of Left sided heart failure

A

pulmonary congestion
pulmonary edema
crackles/diminished breath sounds
orthopnea
cool dry skin

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13
Q

Imaging and pneumothorax

A

mediastinal structures are pushed laterally away from the affected side

ex. pneumothorax or pleural effusion takes up space in left thorax - the trachea and mediastinal structures would be pushed laterally to the right away from the affected

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14
Q

Examples of obstructive diseases

A

cystic fibrosis
emphysema
asthma
chronic bronchitis
bronchiectasis

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15
Q

Examples of restrictive diseases

A

sarcoidosis
pulmonary fibrosis

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16
Q

Restrictive lung conditions present with what pulmonary function test values

A

Normal FEV1 (they dont have trouble with expelling air)

decreased FVC 0 as a function of decreased TLC

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17
Q

Normal FEV1/FVC ratio

A

70% or greater

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18
Q

What is a low FEV1/FVC ratio and what would that mean?

A

low would be less than 70%

indicative of obstructive condition

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19
Q

Decreased FEV1 volume, normal FVC volume

A

lower ratio between the volumes (less than 70%)
indicative of an obstructive condition.

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20
Q

Fremitus

A

Tactile fremitus is an assessment of the low-frequency vibration of a patient’s chest

used as an indirect measure of the amount of air and density of tissue present within the lungs

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21
Q

Obstructive disorders pulmonary function test results

A

Increased FRC (ERV+RV)
Increased TLC

decreased VC d/t decreased ERV
TV normal or increased

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22
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

the air inside the lungs after a normal exhalation

sum of ERV and RV

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23
Q

Restrictive disorders pulmonary function test results

A

decreased RV
decreased VC
decreased TLC
decreased FVC
FEV1/FVC ratio not affected

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24
Q

Appropriate measures of intensity for patient witch cardiovascular disease

A

HR
RPE
percieved dsypnea

not VO2max - these patients would not be able to achieve maximum oxygen consumption

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25
Q

Contraindications to manual percussion

A

platelets lower than 20,000 mm3
hemoptysis
pneumothorax

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26
Q

Can you percuss with a chest tube inserted?

A

Yes avoid any tender areas

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27
Q

VC =

A

IRV + TV + ERV

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28
Q

% of total lung volume: TV

A

10%

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29
Q

% of total lung volume: IRV

A

50%

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30
Q

% of total lung volume: ERV

A

15%

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31
Q

% of total lung volume: RV

A

25%

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32
Q

Total lung volume capacity

A

5 L or 5000mL

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33
Q

Lung changes with aging

A

chest wall stiffness
loss of elastic recoil
alveoli enlarging and thinning = decreased gas exchange
decline in TLC
-RV increases
VC decreases

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34
Q

PaO2 gas exhange decreases at . mmHg per decade

A

4

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35
Q

Common cardiac changes with aging

A

stiffening of valves
decreased blood flow and volume
decreased max HR
loss of pacemaker cells
decreased stroke volume

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36
Q

Normal PR interval

A

.12 -.20 seconds
3-5 small boxes

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37
Q

Normal QRS complex

A

.06-.10 sec
1-3 small boxes

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38
Q

How to estimate rhythm with EKG - regular rhythm

A

Triplets - 300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50, 43, 38, 33

1500/ # of small squares
300/ # of large squares

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39
Q

How to estimate rhythm with EKG - irregular rhythm

A

take # of QRS complexes in full 30 box strip and multiply x10 = rough estimate of HR

6 second method - length of normal strip - x10

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40
Q

REEP

A

resting end expiratory pressure - point in which forces are balanced in equilibrium - occurs at end of tidal expiration

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41
Q

Normal PAO2 at room air

A

80-100 mmhg

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42
Q

90% FiO2 still seems high - what is the importance of this number

A

90% FiO2 corresponds to 60 mmHg - which is point where oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin

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43
Q

GOLD 1 classification COPD

A

mild severity
70%+ FEV1

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44
Q

GOLD 2 classification COPD

A

moderate
50-70% FEV1

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45
Q

GOLD 3 classification COPD

A

severe
30-50% FEV1

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46
Q

GOLD 4 classification COPD

A

very severe
less than 30% FEV1

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47
Q

Normal FEV1

A

80%

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48
Q

Chronic bronchitis signs and symptoms

A

Obstructive condition - Chronic inflammation of airways caused by airway irritants (smoke, dust)

increased mucus production/cough
SOB
increased pulm artery pressure

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49
Q

Asthma treatment

A

brochodilators - relax smooth muscle
knowing triggers
breathing exercises, airway clearance, muscle endurance and strength training

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50
Q

Asthma signs and symptoms

A

wheezing, chest tightness, SOB, cyanosis, cough

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51
Q

Chronic bronchitis treatment

A

antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and lifestyle changes including decreasing smoke and pollutant irritation, using WARM air humidifier

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52
Q

Chronic bronchitis cough is worse when

A

morning and in cold damp environments

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53
Q

Emphysema signs and symptoms

A

Obstructive disease - destruction/enlargement of alveoli = decreased gas exchange and increased dead space within lungs

barrel chest
increased use of accessory muscles
wheezing constant cough
increased respiratory rate

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54
Q

Brochiectasis

A

chronic dilation of bronchial airways = weaken over time = frequent infections, aspiration

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55
Q

Cystic fibrosis is what kind of genetic disorder

A

autosomal recessive

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56
Q

Autosomal recessive disorders

A

Tay sachs
Sickle cell
Cystic fibrosis

TSC

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57
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

genetic disease of exocrine glands affecting lungs pancreas liver intestines

sticky mucus production impacts lung infections, obstructs pancreas, inhibits normal digestion/absorption of food

median survival age 32 -pulm failure

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58
Q

Salty tasting skin

A

CF

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59
Q

Cystic fibrosis signs and symptoms

A

salty skin
frequent thick greasy stools
freq lung infections
wheezing/SOB/cough
failure to thrive

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60
Q

Pneumonia

A

can be aspiration, viral, or bacterial based

inflammation of lung alveoli

fever, SOB, sweating, shaking, muscle pains, fatigue

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61
Q

More than … PVCs in a minute is bad

A

6

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62
Q

Triplets PVC

A

3 PVCs in a row - stop exercise

this preludes Vtach

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63
Q

Calcium channel blockers use

A

used for HTN, CHF, decreasing cardiac arrythmias

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64
Q

Action of calcium channel blockers

A

blocks entry of calcium into smooth muscle - decreases HR contractility, BP by creating vasodilation

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65
Q

Side effects calcium channel blockers

A

decreased HR and BP - postural hypotension with change in position

use RPE

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66
Q

Types of calcium channel blockers

A

-pines
amlodipine
felodipine
isradipine

Procardia
exception in cardizem

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67
Q

Cardizem, Procardia

A

calcium channel blocker

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68
Q

How to remember calcium channel blockers

A

-pine cones are great source of calcium

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69
Q

ACE inhibitors how to remember

A

-prils

If you have pocket ACEs in poker, you relax, decrease BP

Lisinopril
Benazepril
Perindopril

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70
Q

Ace inhibitors use

A

HTN, CHF

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71
Q

Ace inhibitors side effects

A

orthostatic hypotension, dry cough, hyperkalemia

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72
Q

Ace inhibitors action

A

suppresses enzyme that converts AGTN 1 to 2 - which is a potent vasoconstrictor

decreases BP and afterload

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73
Q

Positive ionotropic agents use

A

slows HR but increases force of contraction, increases BP

  • used for CHF, afib
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74
Q

Examples of positive ionotropic agents

A

digitalis, digoxin

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75
Q

How to remember positive ionotropic agents

A

I (ion)
DIG (digogin)
Star Wars (force) - increases force of contraction

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76
Q

Beta blockers use

A

cardiac arrythmias

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77
Q

Beta blockers action

A

blocks action of beta receptors of sympathetic NS = decreases HR and increases force of contraction = decreased oxygen demand

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78
Q

Beta blockers side effects

A

OH
use RPE

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79
Q

Types of diuretics

A

furosemide
hydroclorothaizide
lasix

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80
Q

Nitrates

A

dilate peripheral arteries to decrease preload and relieve chest pressure/angina

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81
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

irreversible scarring of alveoli and interstitial tissue - thickens the alveoli and makes them less flexible

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82
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis symptoms

A

SOB
dry cough - not until advanced state

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83
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis treatment

A

not much as PTs - meds to manage inflammation and education/counseling, improving QOL

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84
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

multisystem inflammatory disease - affects lungs, skin, lymph, eyes, liver

affects more colored than white people

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85
Q

What outcome measure would you think about using with sarcoidosis

A

6MWT - baseline to track progression of disease

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86
Q

Plueral effusion vs pulmonary edema

A

Plueral effusion is buildip of fluid in space between lung and chest cavity (pleural space)

pulmonary edema is fluid in alveoli within the lungs

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87
Q

When does pulmonary edema most often occur

A

left sided heart failure casues fluid and pressure build up into lungs

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88
Q

Safety considerations with pulmonary edema

A

a 911 emergency if acute

signs of gasping or wheezing
extreme SOB or sweating
cyanosis
drop in BP
tinged sputum

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89
Q

Rule out time for TB

A

2 weeks on meds ans isolated

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90
Q

Potts disease

A

spinal TB - affects thoracic and lumbar vertebra, arthritic changes - flexibility and postural re-education

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91
Q

Is atelectasis an indication or contraindication for postural drainage

A

indication

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92
Q

Indications for percussion and vibration

A

atelectasis
pulmonary secretions
aspiration

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93
Q

Procedure for vibration

A

therapist hands parallel to ribs duration 5-10 breaths

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94
Q

Normal LDL

A

less than 100

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95
Q

Normal HDL

A

40-60

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96
Q

Upper apical lobe postural drainage

A

sitting HOB elevated 30-40 degrees
percussion above clavicle

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97
Q

Anterior segments upper lobe postural drainage

A

Supine with percussion below clavicles

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98
Q

Posterior segments R upper lobe

A

1/4 prone laying on L
percussion to medial border of R scapula

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99
Q

Posterior segments upper lobe

A

Leaning over pillow in sitting

100
Q

L lingula lobe postural drainage

A

supine with 1/4 turn to elevate L side
feet raised 12 inches
persussion between axilla and nipple on L

101
Q

R middle lobe postural drainage

A

supine with 1/4 turn to elevate L side
feet raised 12 inches
persussion between axilla and nipple on R

102
Q

Lower anterior basal lobe

A

supine
feet raises 18 in
percussion to lower ribs on respective side

103
Q

Lower lateral basal lobe

A

Prone w 1/4
feet elevated 18 in
percussion to lower ribs on respective side

104
Q

Lower posterior basal lobe

A

prone
feet elevated 18 in
percussion to lower ribs on respective side

105
Q

Superior segment of lower lobe

A

prone
table level
percussion to inferior border of scapula on respective side

106
Q

Absolute exercise termination and 911 emergency with cardiac rehab

A

more than 6 PVC in one minute
3-4 PVCs in a row - this is Vtach
Vtach or Vfib on EKG
ST depression greater than 2 mm
ST elevation greater than 1 mm

107
Q

Terminate exercise with ST depression

A

greater than 1.5-2 mm

108
Q

Terminate exercise with ST elevation

A

greater than 1 mm

109
Q

Stop and refer, but not 911 parameters

A

Second degree Type 2 AV block
A fib
Mulifocal PVC
angina

110
Q

Continue exercise but at lower intensity

A

1st degree AV block

111
Q

ST depression is indicative of

A

ischemia

112
Q

ST elevation is indicative of

A

acute MI

113
Q

Normal EF %

A

55% +

114
Q

Normal stroke volume

A

70 mL

EDV-ESV
120-50

115
Q

Normal CO

A

4.5-5 L

HR x SV

can increase to 25 L during exercises

116
Q

Normal venous return

A

same as CO since heart is a closed system
4.5-5 L

117
Q

PS stimulation causes coronary artery vasoconstriction or vasodilation

A

constriction

slows rate and force of myocardial contraction

vasodilation to skeletal muscles

118
Q

Hyperkalemia

what does it mean
what are effects

A

increased potassium

decreases rate and force of contraction - this will show through EKG changes such as widened PR interval and QRS, tall T wave

119
Q

widened PR interval and QRS, tall T wave

A

effects of hyperkalemia

120
Q

Hypokalemia can progress to

A

vfib

121
Q

prolonged PR and QT intervals
flattened T wave or inverted

A

hypokalemia

122
Q

Components of WBC

A

neutrophils - bacteria
eosinophils - kill parasites
basophils - allergies
monocyte - garbage men
lymphocytes - infections and produce antibodies

123
Q

Purpose of neutrophils

A

kill bacteria

124
Q

Purpose of eosinophils

A

kill parasites

125
Q

Purpose of basophils

A

allergies

126
Q

Purpose of monocytes

A

clean up garbage

127
Q

Purpose of lymphocytes

A

fight off infections and produce antibodies

128
Q

Signs of respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation (Co2 is increased as they are holding in too much air)
disorientation - stupor

129
Q

Signs of respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation
hyperreflexia
dizziness/lightheaded

130
Q

Conditions associated with respiratory alkalosis

A

pregnancy
anxiety
PE
liver disease
sepsis
fever

131
Q

Conditions associated with respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation
COPD
respiratory depressants

132
Q

Normal WBC count

A

4000-10000

133
Q

Normal HCT count

A

45-52 males
37-47 females

134
Q

Normal Hgb

A

13-18 males
12-16 females

135
Q

Normal platelet count

A

150,000-450,000

136
Q

Platelet count less than 20,000

A

ADLs only

137
Q

Platelets 20-30,000

A

light exercise

138
Q

Platelets 30-50,000

A

moderate exercise

139
Q

Normal INR

A

1

140
Q

High INR = risk of

A

bleeding

141
Q

Low INR = risk of

A

clotting

142
Q

Inverted t wave =

A

hypokalemia
Means ventricular hyoertrohy or ischemia

143
Q

After what age do children follow adult BP guidelines

A

13

144
Q

Aortic valve auscultation

A

R sternal border 2nd

145
Q

Pulmonary valve auscultation

A

Left sternal border 2nd

146
Q

Tricuspid valve auscultation

A

left sternal border 4th space

147
Q

Bicuspid valve auscultation

A

left midclavicular line 5th space

148
Q

Class 1 CHF

A

no limitation of activity up to 6.5 METS

149
Q

Class 2 CHF

A

slight limitation 4.5 METS

150
Q

Class 3 CHF

A

3.0 METS

151
Q

Class 4 CHF

A

ADLs onlly 1.5 METS

152
Q

3-6 METs

A

moderate intensity
brisk wallking, dancing, gardening, housework, building

153
Q

Anterior MI affects

A

LADA

154
Q

Inferior MI affects

A

right ventricle and right coronary artery

155
Q

Lateral MI affects

A

circumflex artery

156
Q

Posterior MI affects

A

Left ventricle posterior wall

157
Q

Phase 1 cardiac rehab

A

inpatient portion - prescribed after stable EKG and CK/troponin levels, no chest pain 8 hours

158
Q

When can active exercise begin for cardiac rehab

A

24 hours after CABG or 2 days after infarction

159
Q

Karvonen formula

A

60-80%(HR max - resting HR) +resting HR

160
Q

Parameters for phase 1 cardiac rehab

A

short low intensity (2-3 METs) exercise 2-3x day

max 50-70% HR
10-20 increase bpm initially

160
Q

Goals for phase 1 cardiac rehab

A

educate on symptoms and monitor EKG changes
D/C home with assist ADLs
Tolerate 2-3 METS up to 4-5
Active and AAROM exercises - starting LE (UE increases HR and BP greater than LE)

160
Q

At end of phase 1 cardiac rehab patient should be at what MET level

A

4 METs - walking up 1 set of stairs

161
Q

Post MI cap on HR phase 1 cardiac rehab

A

120 bpm or 20 above resting

seems low but ok

162
Q

Phase 2 cardiac rehab

A

outpatient portion

163
Q

Phase 2 cardiac rehab begins when

A

1-2 weeks after infarct

164
Q

Phase 2 cardiac rehab goals

A

progress towards ADLs
tolerating 30-60 mins 3-4x week

165
Q

Lifting restrictions with cardiac rehab

A

6 weeks

166
Q

Strength training for cardiac rehab should be held

A

5 weeks post MI
8 weeks post CABG

167
Q

MET level for entry into level 3 cardiac rehab

A

5 METs

168
Q

RPE rating 12-13

A

60% max HR

169
Q

RPE 14-15

A

70% max HR

170
Q

16 RPE

A

80% - 85% max HR

171
Q

Failure of SBP to rise during exercise =

A

Do not exercise or STOP

172
Q

10-15 mmHg fall in SBP with increase in exercise =

A

Do not exercise or STOP

173
Q

Glucose greater than = do not exercise

Glucose less than … = do not exercise

A

280
70

174
Q

SBP greater than 200-250
DBP greater than 110-115

A

Do not exercise or STOP

175
Q

Patient fatigue or discomfort or wants to stop

A

Do not exercise or STOP

176
Q

Type 1 or Type 2 heartblock warrants stop exercise

A

Type 2

177
Q

PTT greater than 60 seconds =

A

do not or STOP exercise

178
Q

Seek EMS with

A

vfib
asystole
SOB at rest
unstable angina not relieved by 3 nitro
3rd degree heart block
vtach - 3+ PVC in row

179
Q

Indication for cardiac rehab

A

post MI
post CABG
post PTCA
CHF
PAD
stable angina
other cardiac surgeries

180
Q

PTCA

A

less invasive than CABG
catheter introduced through femoral artery and sent up through aorta to blockage - stent placed

181
Q

Contraindications for cardiac rehab

A

unstable angina
BP greater than 200-250 systolic; 110-115 diastolic
orthostatic
resting ST segment depression greater than 2 mm
resting ST segment elevation greater than 1 mm

182
Q

When can cardiac rehab begin?

A

no chest pain 8 hours
no EKG changes 8 hours
no new signs CHF
stable CK and trops

183
Q

First degree heart block

A

increase in PR interval with no dropped beat

184
Q

increase in PR interval with no dropped beat

A

First degree heart block

185
Q

Ectopic beats

A

synonymous to PVCs - 3 in a row

Make sure patient is comfortable then call 911 and start CPR

186
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A

hypoparathyroidism
malabsorption of calcium
vitamin D deficiency
acute pancreatitis

187
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcemia

A

tetany, twitching, muscle cramps,

188
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia

A

hyperparathyroidism

189
Q

Symptoms of hypercalcemia

A

fatigue, depression, mental confusion, NV, increased urination

190
Q

Change in altitude initially results in

A

decreased BP
increased CO
tachycardia

no changes in SV

191
Q

Beta blockers affect on stroke volume

A

decreases HR therefore decreases SV

192
Q

Crackles are also known as

A

rales

193
Q

Crackles/rales most commonly heard with

A

CHF

also atalectasis
pulmonary fibrosis

194
Q

Lung sounds with atelectasis

A

diminished or crackles

195
Q

Wheezes are typically associated with

A

asthma
chronic bronchitis

196
Q

WHat is a wheeze

A

high pitch whistling produced by air passing through narrow airways

197
Q

Wheezing is most commonly heard on

A

expiration

198
Q

Rhonchi

A

low pitched dull sound d/t blockage

think RHino snoring

199
Q

Rhonchi most commonly heard with

A

pnuemonia
CF
chronic brochitis

200
Q

Stridor usually heard on

A

inspiration

201
Q

Stridor

A

ST-ridor

TS - Tracheal Stenosis

heard on inspiration

202
Q

Erb’s point

A

3rd intercostal space L sternum

point at which S1 and S2 are heard simultaneously

203
Q

Closure of which valves creates S1 heart sound

A

mitral and tricuspid

204
Q

Closure of which valves creates S2 heart sound

A

aortic and pulmonary

205
Q

S1 heart sound occurs at

A

beginning of systole
end of diastole

206
Q

S2 heart sound occurs at

A

end of systole
beginning of diastole

207
Q

Which heart sound happen during late diastole

A

S4

208
Q

Which heart sound happen during early diastole

A

S3

209
Q

BP should be inflated … mmHg above anticipated value

A

20-30 above

decrease by 2-3 mmHg

210
Q

Phase 1 Korotkoff sound

A

clear tapping - indicative of systolic BP

211
Q

Phase 5 Korotkoff sound

A

sound disappears completely

212
Q

Phases of Korotkoff sounds

A

1 - clear loud tapping
2 - softer and longer
3 - crisper and louder
4 - muffled and softer
5 - sounds disappear

213
Q

Normal breath sounds

A

vesicular - normal in out breathing - rustling sound - throughout inspiration and beginning of expiration

tracheal - loud, tubular sound
bronchial - hollow echoing sound

214
Q

Insipratory phase > Expiratory

w/o pause

A

vesicular breath sounds

215
Q

Expiratory phase > inspiratory

w/ pause

A

bronchial

216
Q

Normally heard over distal airways

A

vesicular

217
Q

Normally heard superior anterior thorax

A

bronchial sound

hollow echoing

218
Q

Pathologies with wheezing

A

COPD, asthma, anaphalxsis

219
Q

Pleural friction rub

A

dry crackling sound
heard directly over area of inflammation and pain

happens during inspiration and expiration

220
Q

Crackles vs pleural friction rub

A

Crackles - often heard and auscultated in bottom of lungs, mainly inspiration
PFR - heard over spot of pleuritic pain - equally during inspiration and expiration

221
Q

Foreign object produces what lung sound

A

stridor

222
Q

Most optimal perfusion position lungs

A

prone

Perfusion ratio is high in upright position

223
Q

In upright position, top of lung is

bottom of lung is

A

ventilated
perfused

224
Q

Bronchophany

A

normally lung sounds should be muffled, but 99 sounds clear

225
Q

Whispered pectrilouqy

A

whisper 123abc, should sound muffled, but if clear - indicated secretions/consolidations

226
Q

Kussmals breathing

A

deep and fast breathing associated with metabolic alkalosis

227
Q

Graded exercise test termination criteria

A

Fall of 10 mmHg PaCO2; 65 mmHg or greater PaC02

fall of PAO2 more than 20 mmHg; less than 55

increase in DBP greater than 20 mmHg

max SOB , fatigue

228
Q

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis

A

fasting glucose greater than 100
40 in Male; 35 in Female
low HDL less than 40 male; 50 female
135/85 + BP

Must have 3/4

229
Q

Diabetes disgnosis criteria

A

126+ fasting glucose
200+ random glucose
6.5% A1C

230
Q

Statin drugs

A

lower LDL

end in -or

lipitor, zocor, tricor

231
Q

Location of 4 main limb leads EKG

A

Right Arm
Left Arm

Left Leg
Right Leg
`

232
Q

5 lead EKG

A

Cloud over grass
Smoke over fire
I heart chocolate

White on right

233
Q

White EKG lead location

A

2nd R IC space mid clavicular

234
Q

Green EKG lead location

A

7/8 IC space R mid clavicular

235
Q

Brown EKG lead location

A

4 IC space R of sternum

236
Q

FEF 25-75

A

flow in med to small airways

237
Q

Primary use of incentive spirometer

A

Atelectasis
or post surgery

238
Q

Treatments for sputum in lungs

A

coughing, huffing

239
Q

Head thrust /impulse test positive

A

compensatory saccade denoted by a slow phase in which the eyes drift off their fixation target and a fast phase where they return to the fixation point (nose)

240
Q

Imaging and atelectasis

A

trachea deviates toward side of atelectasis

241
Q

Pneumothorax vs atelectasis

A

Pneumothorax - physical leak where air escapes from lung and fills into pleural space - places pressure on lung and cannot inflate as it normally would

atelectasis - partial collapse of 1 or more lobes d/t blockage - primarily caused by surgery

242
Q

EKG changes with beta blockers

A

causes increased PR interval - decreased HR

243
Q

Pericaridal friction rub =

A

pericarditis

MY NPTE (22 decks)

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