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Companion Animal Diseases > Cardiomyopathies > Flashcards

Cardiomyopathies Flashcards

1
Q

Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of older male, large and giant breed dogs

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2
Q

What is the cause of Canine Dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Unknown

Could be from other myopathies, bacteria, viruses, nutritional defects, or immune-mediated diseases

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3
Q

What occurs in patients with Canine Dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

The cardiac muscle (myocardium) becomes weak and flabby.
All chambers of the heart become dilated
Low-output circulatory failure (weakness, syncope, exercise intolerance)

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4
Q

What do dogs with canine dilated cardiomyopathy often develop?

A

atrial fibrillation

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Right and left-sided heart failure

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6
Q

When auscultating the chest of a dog with canine dilated cardiomyopathy, what do you hear?

A

A murmur of mitral regurgitation heard on the left chest
+/- gallop rhythm
+/- tachyrhythm

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7
Q

What do the radiographs of a dog with canine dilated cardiomyopathy look like?

A

Left ventricular enlargement

Enlargement of both atria

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8
Q

What does the ECG of a dog with canine dilated cardiomyopathy look like?

A

Insensitive

May show widened QRS and P waves

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9
Q

What does an echocardiogram of a dog with canine dilated cardiomyopathy look like?

A

Test of choice

Left and right atrial wall thickening and left ventricular dilation

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10
Q

What are the laboratory tests that are run to help diagnose canine dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Pro-BNP
Troponin 1 (cTn1)

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11
Q

How do you treat canine dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 
Diuretics
ACE inhibitors
Digoxin
Pimobendan
\+/- betablockers
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12
Q

What is the prognosis of dogs with canine dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Progressive disease

Almost always fatal in 6 months to 2 years

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13
Q

What is Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy associated with

A

Taurine deficiency

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 
Older, mixed breed cats
Dyspnea
Inactivity
Anorexia
Acute lameness or paralysis of the hind limbs
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15
Q

What will you see on the echocardiogram of a cat with feline dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated heart chambers

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16
Q

What will the ECG of a cat with feline dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) look like?

A

Increased QRS voltages
Wide P waves
Ventricular arrhythmia

17
Q

What is the treatment for a cat with DCM?

A 
Oral taurine supplementation 
Diuretic
Oxygen
Digoxin
ACE inhibitor
Pimobendan
18
Q

What is the prognosis of cats with DCM?

A

If they survive the 1st 2 weeks and respond to taurine supplementation they have a good prognosis
Cats that do not respond have a poor long-term prognosis

19
Q

What is the most common cardiomyopathy in cats?

A

Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

20
Q

What percentage of cases does HCM make up?

A

50-70%

21
Q

What happens to the heart of cats affected with HCM?

A

The left ventricle becomes thickened and stiff

Mitral regurgitation and aortic embolization frequently occur

22
Q

What occurs in 16-18% of cats with HCM?

A

Thromboembolism

23
Q

When auscultating a cat with HCM, what do you hear?

A

Soft, systolic murmur

Gallop rhythms or other arrhythmia

24
Q

What do you see on the radiographs of a cat with HCM

A

Normal to slight left atrial enlargement

“Valentine” heart shape

25
Q

What do you see on the ECG of a cat with HCM?

A

Increased P-waves
Increased QRS width
Sinus tachycardia

26
Q

What do you see on an echocardiogram of a cat with HCM?

A

Increased left ventricular free wall thickness and dilated left atrium

27
Q

What are the laboratory tests used to diagnose HCM?

A

BNP
pro-BNP
cTn1

28
Q

What is the most accurate method of HCM diagnosis?

A

MRI

29
Q

How do you treat HCM?

A

ACE inhibitors
+/- Propanolol
Diltiazem
Low-dose heparin or aspirin to prevent thromboembolism

30
Q

What occurs second to heart disease in cats?

A

Thrombus formation

31
Q

Why are cats predisposed to form thrombi?

A

High platelet reactivity
Endothelial damage
Sluggish blood flow

32
Q

Where do thrombi frequently lodge?

A

The trifurcation of the aorta

33
Q

What do cats with feline thromboembolism present with?

A

A decrease in circulation in the rear legs

34
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline thromboembolism

A

Acute onset of rear leg pain and paresis
Clod, bluish food pads
Lack of palpable pulses in the rear limbs

35
Q

What is the treatment for cats with feline thromboembolism?

A

Tissue plasminogen activator
Heparin
Low dose aspirin

36
Q

What does tissue plasminogen activator do?

A

Fibrinolysin to break down clots

37
Q

What does heparin do?

A

Inhibits the formation of stable clots

38
Q

What is the prognosis for feline thromboembolism?

A

Guarded to poor

Companion Animal Diseases (14 decks)

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