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Companion Animal Diseases > Acquired Valvular Diseases > Flashcards

Acquired Valvular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Acquired Valvular Diseases

A 
Chronic Mitral Valve Insufficiency 
Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease
Mitral Valve insufficiency 
Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency
Endocardiosis vs Endocarditis
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2
Q

What is the most commonly encountered cardiovascular disorder in dogs?

A

Chronic Mitral valve insufficiency

75% of dogs 16 years or older are affected

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3
Q

Is chronic mitral valve insufficiency a progressive disease?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What is the cause of 95% of all cases of congestive heart failure in small breed dogs?

A

Chronic mitral valve insufficiency

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5
Q

What is chronic mitral valve insufficiency?

A

A lesion that consists of proliferation of fibroblastic connective tissue within the valve leaflets leads to decrease function

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6
Q

What is degenerative mitral valve disease?

A

The stiff malformed leaflets fail to close
The chordae tendinae stretch and rupture
Left atrium dilates

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7
Q

What does the dilation of the left atrium lead to?

A

It compresses the left mainstream bronchus producing coughing and dyspnea

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8
Q

What happens during systole of patients with degenerative mitral valve disease?

A

The blood flows back through the mitral valve and the left atrium dilates

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9
Q

What else is degenerative mitral valve disease known as?

A

Endocardiosis
Valvular regurgitation
Valvular insufficiency
Chronic valve disease

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10
Q

What is the most commonly affected valve in dogs and cats?

A

Mitral valve aka the left atrioventricular valve

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11
Q

What other name is mitral valve insufficiency known as?

A

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD)

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of mitral valve disease (MMVD)

A

Older small or toy breed dogs
Cough
Dyspnea or tachypnea
Decreased appetite

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13
Q

What does the cough of a patient with MMVD sound like?

A

Deep
Resonant
Worse with exercise or at night

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14
Q

What does the heart murmur of a patient with mitral valve disease sound like?

A

Systolic murmur

Left apex

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15
Q

What do the radiographs of a patient with mitral valve insufficiency with pulmonary edema look like?

A

Venous engorgement

Alveolar densities or air bronchograms

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16
Q

What do the radiographs of a patient with mitral valve insufficiency without pulmonary edema look like?

A

Left atrial and ventricular enlargement
Elevation of the thoracic trachea
Loss of the cardiac waste
Enlarged left auricle

17
Q

What does the echocardiogram of a patient with mitral valve insufficiency look like?

A

Increased diameter of the left atrium and ventricle
Marked reduction in the left ventricular contractility
Mitral valve leaflets may be thickened for prolapsing

18
Q

How do you treat mitral valve insufficiency?

A 
Diuretics
Arterial dilators
\+/- Digoxin
ACE inhibitors 
Cough suppressants
Pimobendan
Diet
19
Q

Diuretics

A

Furosemide

Reduce the circulatory volume on the left side of the heart

20
Q

Arterial dilators

A

Hydrazaline, Enalapril

Decrease systemic vascular resistance so the heart does not have to work as hard

21
Q

Digoxin

A

Decrease the heart rate to less than 160 beats/min in small dogs

22
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

Enalapril and benazapril

23
Q

Diet

A

Maintains good body condition

Low in sodium will decrease fluid load in the patients

24
Q

What is the second most commonly affected valve in dogs and cats?

A

The tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)

25
Q

What are the clinical signs of tricuspid valve insufficiency?

A

Similar to right-sided heart failure
Pleural effusion
Abdominal distension
Hepatomegaly

26
Q

What is the treatment of tricuspid valve insufficiency?

A

Same as mitral valve insufficiency

Repeated therapeutic abdominocentesis is required

27
Q

What could develop in tricuspid valve insufficiency as the right atrium dilates?

A

Atrial fibrillation

28
Q

Endocarditis

A

Caused by bacterial infections of the heart

Companion Animal Diseases (14 decks)

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