Cardiology Part 2: Heart sounds

Question 1

S1

Answer 1

first “lubb”
result of closure of AV valve
best heard on the 5th intercostal space on right side
systolic

Question 2

S2

Answer 2

Second “dubb”
closure of aortic/polmonic valves
diastolic

Question 3

Murmur

Answer 3

turbulent blood flow through the heart that generates an extra heart sound

Question 4

Systolic murmur

Answer 4

occurs during systole
heard in-between S1 & S2
“lubb-swoosh-dubb”
most common

Question 5

Diastolic murmur

Answer 5

during diastole
heard after S2
“lubb-dubb-swoosh”
very rare

Question 6

3 most common valvular murmur causes

Answer 6

1. valvular insufficiency
2. valvular stenosis
3. patent ductus arteriosis (PDA)

Question 7

Valvular Insufficiency

Answer 7

leaky valve
valve doesn't fully close
cant prevent back-flow
RAV & LAV= systolic
Aortic & Pulmonic= diastolic

Question 8

Valvular Stenosis

Answer 8

narrow or obstructed valve opening 
decreased the amount of blood pumped to ventricles 
causes pressure increase
RAV & LAV= diastolic
Aortic & Pulmonic= systolic

Question 9

Patent Ductus Ateriosis (PDA)

Answer 9

Opening between the pulmonary and aorta

operates continuous grade 5-6 murmur

Question 10

Clinical Signs & Treatment of PDA

Answer 10

Coughing 
pulmonary edema
weight loss
CHF
exercise intolerance 
fail to thrive 

Surgery

Question 11

Grade I murmur

Answer 11

quiet, inconsistent and localized

Question 12

Grade II murmur

Answer 12

quiet, inconsistent

Question 13

Grade III murmur

Answer 13

can be heard with stethoscope anywhere on heart

Question 14

Grade IV murmur

Answer 14

constant and loud

can palpate turbulent flow

Question 15

Grade V murmur

Answer 15

prominent
constant
easily palpated
can palpate turbulent flow

Question 16

Grade VI murmur

Answer 16

heard without stethoscope

can palpate turbulent flow

Question 17

Stroke volume

Answer 17

the volume of blood ejected from the heart during each beat

Question 18

Cardiac output

Answer 18

HRxSV=CO

the volume of blood eject from heart per min.

Question 19

Pre-load

Answer 19

amount of pressure stretching the RV after passive filling and contraction

Question 20

After-load

Answer 20

amount of pressure the chamber generates to eject blood from the heart