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Vet Sci IV -Jessie Loberg > Cardiology Part 1: ECGs > Flashcards

Cardiology Part 1: ECGs Flashcards

1
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibroserous outer layer
Fibros= attachement of vessels
Serous= lines the epicardium

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2
Q

Epicardium

A

Protective outer layer of heart muscle

secrets serous fluids

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3
Q

Myocardium

A

the muscle of the heart

thickest at left ventricle

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4
Q

Endocardium

A

lines the heart chambers

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5
Q

Functions of cardio system

A

pumps blood
maintains blood pressure
ensures proper perfusion of tissues

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6
Q

Importance of blood pressure

A

Oxygen and Nutrient transport
Waste product
Hormones

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7
Q

Systole

A

contraction of the heart muscle

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8
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation of the heart muscle

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9
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

SA node
located in the wall of atrium where vena cava enters
initiates the electrical impulse that stimulates contraction

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10
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

AV Node
located in interatrial septum
transfers impulse from the SA node to the ventricles
causes delay in impulse allowing for complete filling of ventricles

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11
Q

Bundle of HIS

A

Located caudal to the AV node transfers impulse from the AV node to the bundle of branches

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12
Q

L & R Bundle of branches

A

located in the myocardium of the ventricles

transfers impulse to the purkinje fibers

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13
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

transfers impulse to the myocardium

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14
Q

What is an ECG?

A

Recording of electrical activity of the heart

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15
Q

How is the ECG recorded?

A

by placing electrodes on the skin and conducting agents (alcohol or ultrasound gel) then connected to a machine

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16
Q

Lead placement

A

White- Right axillary Black= Left axillary

Green- Right inguinal Red= Left inguinal

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17
Q

P wave

A

small + deflection from baseline
SA node fires and atria depolarized and contracted
part of diastolic phase

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18
Q

PR interval

A

impulse travels to AV node and creates slight delay

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19
Q

QRS complex

A

largest part
impulse moved to ventricles causing depolarization and contraction
part of systolic phase

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20
Q

T wave

A 
\+ or - deflection 
uniform, small 
never more than 25% of the R wave
ventricle is relaxing or re-polarizing 
diastolic phase
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21
Q

ST segment

A

end of ventricular contraction and the beginning of relaxation

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22
Q

RR interval

A

time between ventricular contractions

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23
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

a disruption of electricity in the heart

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24
Q

Causes of an arrhythmia?

A

abnormal site of origin

abnormal rate or rhythm

25
Q

Location

A

between 3rd and 6th intercostal space

26
Q

Normal K9 & Feline rates

A 
k9= 70-120
feline= 120-240
27
Q

Normal sinus rhythm

A

Normal P,Q,R,S,T
rate is normal for the size of the patient
consistant R-Rs small P waves

28
Q

Sinus Bradycardia

A

Regular sinus rhythm with a rate below normal

29
Q

Causes of Sinus Bradycardia

A 
Physiologic= ^ vegal tone, lean, trim animals 
Pathologic= renal failure, ^ potassium, cardiac arrest
30
Q

Treatment of Sinus Bradycardia

A

anticolonergic drug: Atropine or Glycopyrolate

31
Q

Sinus Tachycardia

A

Regular sinus rhythm with a rate higher than normal
Most common arrhythmia in practice!
>160 in K9
>240 in Feline

32
Q

Sinus Tachycardia Causes

A 
Physiologic= pain, restraint, exercise
Pathologic= fever, shock, anemia, hyperthyroidism 
Drugs= anticolonergics, epinephrine
33
Q

Treatment of Sinus Tachycardia

A

Identify source and control

34
Q

Sinus Arrhythmia

A

Irregular sinus rhythm that originates in the SA node
Inconsistant R-Rs
alternating periods of a slow & fast rate
Normal in K9 and horses, but never normal in cats

35
Q

Ventricular Premature Contractions

A

VPC
an impulse originated in the ventricles
absent or buried P waves
wide and bizarre QRS complexes

36
Q

Causes of VPC

A 
Cardio myopathy 
Valve Dz 
Feline hyperthyroidism 
Neoplasia
Hypoxia
37
Q

Signs of VPC

A 
Exercise intolerance 
Weakness
Syncope 
Pulse deficit 
Sudden Death
38
Q

Treatment of VPC

A

anti-arrhythmic drugs
Litacane-K9
Procainamide-Feline

39
Q

Bigeminy

A

two or less VPCs in a row

pattern of normal and abnormal

40
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia

A 
3 or more VPCs in a row 
intermittent or sustained
absent or buried P wave 
same causes as VPC 
can convert to V-Fib
41
Q

Treatment of Ventricular Tachycardia

A

Litacane- K9
Procainamide- Feline
CRI= constant rate infusion

42
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

Ventricular depolarization without co-ordiated activity
rapid, chaotic, irregular rhythm
no QRS complex and no P waves

43
Q

Causes of V-Fib

A 
Severe systemic illness
Shock
Trauma Cardiac Sx
Anesthetic reaction
severe hypothermia 
untreated V-Tach
44
Q

Treatment of V-Fib

A

electrical cardio version (defib) first

anti-arrhythmic second

45
Q

Ventricular Asystole

A

absence of pacemaker impulses= no depolarization of ventricles
escape beat +/-

46
Q

Treatment of Ventricular Asystole

A

CPCR

Epinephrine- ET

47
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

numerous disorganized atrial impulses that bombard the AV node
rapid flutter waves
regular appearing ARS complexes at irregular intervals

48
Q

Causes of A-Fib

A

atrial enlargement

dilated cardiomyopathy

49
Q

Treatment of A-Fib

A

Digoxin

Quinidine

50
Q

Atrial Standstill

A

absence of P waves with a regular escape beat

slow escape beat- no normal beats around

51
Q

Causes of Atrial Standstill

A

Atria Standstill
Cardiomyopathy
Hyperkalemia

52
Q

Treatment of Atrial Standstill

A

give fluids

pacemaker if theres a heart problem

53
Q

1st degree AV block

A

something is blocked at the AV node
delay in conduction at AV node
normal rate and rhythm
prolonged P-R interval

54
Q

Causes of 1st degree AV block

A

geriatric patient
hypothyroid patient
No treatment needed

55
Q

2nd degree AV block

A

occasional P waves without corresponding QRS
Regular occurring P waves
occasional dropped ARS complexes
Common in horses due to ^ vegal tone

56
Q

Treatment of 2nd degree AV block

A

epinephrine

may not be necessary

57
Q

3rd degree AV block

A 
Atrial Ventrical Dissociation
Complete block 
impulse is completely blocked at the AV node 
Normal P-P at normal rate
regular, but slow escape rhythm
58
Q

Causes of 3rd degree AV block

A

congenital
cardiomyopathy
digitalis toxicity

59
Q

Treatment of 3rd degree AV block

A

pacemaker

Vet Sci IV -Jessie Loberg (11 decks)

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