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Year 4: Paediatrics > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are innocent murmurs

A

“flow murmurs” - caused by fast flow during systole

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2
Q

features of innocent murmurs

A

4 ‘S’s

  • Soft
  • Short
  • Systolic
  • Symptomless
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3
Q

what are the 3 shunts of the foetal circulation

A

ductus venosus – connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

foramen ovale – connects right atrium to left atrium

ductus arteriosus – connects pulmonary artery to aorta

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4
Q

what causes the foramen ovale to close at birth

A

first few breaths the baby takes causes alveoli to expand – decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance
this decreased resistance causes pressure to drop in right atrium
left pressure > right pressure causes collapse of atrial septum
duct becomes sealed shut and becomes the fossa ovalis

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5
Q

what causes the ductus arteriosus to close

A

needs prostaglandins to remain open

increasing blood oxygenation causes prostaglandins to drop – closure of duct to ligamentum arteriosum

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6
Q

what is a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

failure of ductus arteriosus to close between pulmonary trunk + aorta
causes left to right shunt

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7
Q

risk factors for PDA

A

prematurity

maternal rubella infection

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8
Q

murmur in PDA

A

continuous machinery like murmur

  • left subclavicular thrill
  • bounding, collapsing pulse
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9
Q

management of PDA

A

indomethacin – inhibits prostaglandin synthesis so closes the duct

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10
Q

what is an atrial septal defect

A

hole in the septum between the two atria

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11
Q

most common atrial septal defect

A

ostium secundum

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12
Q

murmur heard in atrial septal defect

A

mid systolic crescendo- decrescendo with fixed split second heart sound

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13
Q

ECG changes with ostium secondum

A

RBBB with RAD

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14
Q

presentation of atrial septal defect in adulthood

A 
asymptomatic in childhood but can cause 
- dyspnoea
- right heart failure 
- stroke 
in adulthood
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15
Q

most common form of congenital heart disease

A

ventricular septal defect

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16
Q

what conditions are associated with a ventricular septal defect

A

Downs syndrome
Edwards syndrome
Patau syndrome

17
Q

murmur heard in ventricular septal defect

A

pan systolic murmur at left sternal edge

18
Q

what is cortication of the aorta

A

narrowing of descending aorta

19
Q

signs of cortication of aorta

A

radio-femoral delay
rib notching on CXR
systolic murmur over left scapula

20
Q

what conditions are associated with coartication of aorta

A

Turners syndrome
Bicuspid aortic valve
Neurofibromatosis
Berry aneurysms

21
Q

what are the cyanotic congenital heart diseases

A

tetralogy of Fallot

transposition of great arteries

22
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot

A

Ventricular septal defect
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy

23
Q

signs of tetralogy of fallot

A

cyanosis due to right to left shunt
ejection systolic murmur due to pulmonary stenosis
Boot shaped heart on CXR
right ventricular hypertrophy on ECG

24
Q

What is given in cyanotic heart disease until surgery can be performed

A

prostaglandins

25
Q

what is eisenmengers syndrome

A 
reversal of a left to right shunt due to pulmonary HTN, resulting in a right to left shunt 
can be caused by
- ventricular septal defect
- atrial septal defect
- patent ductus arteriosus
26
Q

signs of eisenmengers syndrome

A

cyanosis
haemoptysis
clubbing
Right ventricular failure

27
Q

what is Ebsteins anomaly

A

triscupid valve set lower in right side of heart
causes a bigger right atrium and a small right ventricle
this causes poor blood flow
- associated with Wolf Parkinson White syndrome

28
Q

what does a ventricular septal defect increase risk of

A

Endocarditis

29
Q

supravalvular aortic stenosis is seen in which genetic condition

A

Williams Syndrome

30
Q

cardiac complication of Fragile X

A

Mitral valve prolapse

31
Q

cardiac complication of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

cardiomyopathy

32
Q

what drug taken in pregnancy can cause an Ebstein anomaly

A

Lithium

33
Q

most common cause of hypertension in children

A

renal parenchymal disease

34
Q

features of a Venous hum

A

continuous blowing murmur below clavicles

Year 4: Paediatrics (16 decks)

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