Cardio7

Question 1

What are the (4) types of Systolic murmurs?

Answer 1

• Mitral/Tricuspid Regurgitation (MR/TR) - Aortic Stenosis (AS) - Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) - Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

Question 2

What are the (2) types of Diastolic murmurs?

Answer 2

• Aortic Regurgitation (AR) - Mitral Stenosis (MS)

Question 3

What type of murmur is continuos?

Answer 3

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Question 4

Holosystolic, high-pitched “blowing murmur”

Answer 4

Mitral/Tricuspid Regurgitation (MR/TR)

Question 5

Crescendo-Decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following Ejection Click (EC)

Answer 5

Aortic Stenosis (AS)

Question 6

Holsystolic, Harsh-sounding murmur

Answer 6

VSD

Question 7

Late systolic crescendo murmur with Midsystolic Click (MC)

Answer 7

MVP

Question 8

Imediate high-pitched “blowing” diastolic Decrescendo murmur

Answer 8

Aortic Regurgitation (AR)

Question 9

Follows opening snap (OS). Delayed reumbling late diastolic murmur

Answer 9

Mitral Stenosis

Question 10

Continuous machine-like murmur

Answer 10

PDA

Question 11

Where/how is Mitral regurgitation best heard?

Answer 11

Loudest at Apex, radiates toward axilla Enhanced by maneuvers that: - INcrease TPR (ie., squatting, hand grip) - INcrease Left Atrium return (expiration)

Question 12

What are some causes of MR?

Answer 12

Ischemic heart disease Mitral valve prolapse Left Ventricle Dilation Infective endocarditis

Question 13

Where/how is Tricuspid regurgitation best heard?

Answer 13

Loudest at Apex, radiates toward Rt, sternal border Enhanced by maneuvers that: - INcrease Right Atrium return (Inspiration)

Question 14

What are some causes of TR?

Answer 14

RV Dilation Rheumatic fever Infective endocarditis

Question 15

What causes the ejection click in Aortic Stenosis?

Answer 15

Abrupt halting of valve leaflets

Question 16

Where does AS murmur radiate to?

Answer 16

Carotids/Heart base

Question 17

What is “pulsus parvus et tardus”?

Answer 17

in Aortic Stenosis – Pulses are weak witha delayed peak

Question 18

AS can lead to:

Answer 18

Syncope Angina Dyspnea on exertion “SAD”

Question 19

What can cause AS?

Answer 19

Age-related Calcific AS Bicuspid Aortic valve

Question 20

Where/how is VSD best heard?

Answer 20

Loudest at Tricuspid area Enhanced by: - Hand grip maneuver d/t INcreased Afterload

Question 21

What is the most frequent valvular lesion?

Answer 21

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

Question 22

Where/how is MVP best heard?

Answer 22

Over Apex during S2 Enhanced by: - DEcreased venous return (Valsalva) *usually benign

Question 23

What can MVP predispose patient to?

Answer 23

Infective endocarditis

Question 24

What are causes of MVP?

Answer 24

Myxomatous degeneration Rheumatic fever Chordae rupture

Question 25

How does AR present?

Answer 25

Wide pulse pressure (chronic) Bounding pulse Head bobbing

Question 26

What increases AR murmur intensity? decreases it?

Answer 26

Hand grip INcreases Vasodilators DEcrease

Question 27

AR is often due to:

Answer 27

Aortic root disection Bicuspid aortic valve Endocarditis Rheumatic fever

Question 28

What causes Opening Snap in MS?

Answer 28

due to abrupt halt in leaflet motion in Diastole, after Rapid Opening due to fusion at leaflet tips

Question 29

MS is enhanced by what maneuvers?

Answer 29

INcreased LA return (Expiration) * LA >> LV pressure during diastole

Question 30

When does MS often occur?

Answer 30

Secondary to Rheumatic fever

Question 31

Where/when is PDA murmur best heard?

Answer 31

Left Infraclavicular area at S2

Question 32

PDA is often due to what?

Answer 32

Congenital rubella or Prematurity

Question 33

Answer 33

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Question 34

Answer 34

Aortic Regurgitation (AR)

Question 35

Answer 35

Mitral Stenosis (MS)

Question 36

Answer 36

Aortic Stenosis (AR)

Question 37

Best heard at Tricuspid area

Answer 37

VSD

Question 38

Answer 38

MVP

Question 39

High-Pitched “Blowing Murmur”

Answer 39

Mitral/Tricuspid Regurgitation