cardio amboss Flashcards
what happens to the hemodynamic parameters in septic shock
pathologic vasodilation caused by inflammation results in reduced systemic vascular resistance, as well as decreased CVP and PCWP. The decrease in the preload and the afterload will cause an increase in heart rate and thus an increase in the cardiac output
warm and flushed skin
what happens to the hemodynamic parameters in neurogenic shock.
there is a decrease in all of the parameters
what happens to the hemodynamic parameters in hypovolemic shock
There is an increase in SVR. a decrease in CVP and PCWP as the blood volume is reduced. There is also a decrease in the CO as there is less blood return to the heart due to reduced stroke volume
Cold and clammy skin
what happens to the hemodynamic parameters in cardiogenic shock
There is a decrease in the CO. There is an increase in SVR due to sympathetic response of poor output. Furthermore PCWP and CVP both increased due to the lack of forward flow from the heart
what is the diagnosis in an ECG showing no P waves but tachycardia
this is AV node reentrant tachycardia
what is the best first treatment for paroxysmal supreventricular tachycardia
vagal maneuvers
what is second line treatment for PSVT
adenosine
can you use procainamide for pSVT
yes, as second line therapy
premature ventricular contractions are what
brief episodes of V tach caused by lack of sleep, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine
what is the treatment for PVC in a young person that has been staying up late studying in college with no drug use
observation and rest
what are PVC usually described as by the patient
feels like my heart is skipping a beat
what is the treatment for ventricular tachycardia
synchronized cardioversion NOT defibrillation
what are beck’s triad and what does it indicate
muffled heart sounds, hypotension and JVD
cardiac tamponade
what is a physiological cause of cardiac tamponade
diabetes can cause renal insufficiency and then accumulation of urea. urea can cause a pericardial effusion
what is the treatment for pericardial tamponade
pericardial centesis
if a patient is found to be septic with strep. gallolyticus what should be a follow up test
a colonoscopy to assess for colorectal cancer as this is a common GI bug. there is a well known link between strep gallolyticus/GI cancer and bacterial endocarditis
what is the initial treatment and the follow up treatment for rheumatic heart disease with carditis but no valvular damage
initially treat with aspirin and penicillin then follow up Intramuscular benzathine penicillin every 4 weeks for 10 years (or until 21 years of age, whichever is longer) is recommended for secondary prophylaxis of recurrent acute rheumatic fever in patients with manifestations of carditis but no permanent valvular damage.
what are the jones criteria
Major criteria
Arthritis (migratory polyarthritis involving primarily the large joints)
Carditis (pancarditis, including valvulitis)
Sydenham chorea (CNS involvement)
Subcutaneous nodules
Erythema marginatum
Minor criteria Arthralgia Fever ↑ Acute phase reactants (ESR, CRP) Prolonged PR interval on electrocardiogram
what is the most common cause of viral myocarditis in children
coxsackie B virus
what are the echo findings for viral myocarditis
Left ventricular dilation and (usually global) hypokinesis
what is the presentation of viral myocarditis
Subacute onset of dyspnea, chest pain, jugular distention, and inspiratory crackles on lung auscultation is consistent with heart failure, most likely secondary to myocarditis.
what are the lab findings for myocardiitis
↑ Cardiac enzymes (CK, CK-MB, troponin T) ↑ ESR (and CRP) Leukocytosis ↑ BNP Virus serology
what type of myopathy is viral cardiomyopahty
dilated
what does pericarditis put you at risk for
cardiac tamponade due to effusion