Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

4th Year SB > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

what are common narrow complex tachycardias

A

sinus tachycardia
AF
Atrial flutter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

common broad complex tachycardia

A

VT

VF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are causes of bradycardia

A

Sinus bradycardia

Sick sinus syndrome

AV block

  • 1st degree
  • 2nd degree: Mobitz type 1 or 2
  • 3rd degree
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is 1st degree heartblock

A

prolonged PR interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is 2nd degree - mobitz type 1 heart block

A

progressive prolongation of the PR interval on consecutive beats followed by a blocked P wave (i.e., a dropped QRS complex)

It usually does not cause symptoms and rarely requires treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is 2nd degree - mobitz type 2 heart block

A

P wave is blocked from initiating a QRS complex like type 1 but there is no pattern

constant PR interval
p wave without a QRS

needs intervention i.e. pacemaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does left sided HF present, causes and examination findings

A

Presentation: dyspnoea, orthopnoea, pink/frothy sputum

Causes: IHD, valvular disease, cardiomyopathy

Examination: fine bibasal crackles, pleural effusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does right sided HF present, causes and examination findings

A

Presentation: peripheral oedema

Causes: CHD, cor pulmonale, 2ndary to LVF

Examination: raised JVP, hepatomegaly, ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does acute LVF present and Ix

A

Presents as pulmonary oedema
- Dyspnoea, orthopnoea, pink frothy sputum

Ix =
Bloods (FBC, U&E, CRP, trop)
ECG (ischaemia, LVH)
CXR (cardiomegaly)
Echo (LVSD)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mx for LVF

A

Sit upright, give high-flow oxygen
IV furosemide (monitor BP)
GTN (if sBP >100). If sBP <100 = GET HELP.
Morphine (but get help first)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

management for chronic heart failure

A

First line: ACE-inhibitor and β-blocker

Second line: mineralocorticoid antagonist (spironolactone)

Add-in ARB if ACI-inhibitor intolerant

Third line: Digoxin

If fluid overloaded: Furosemide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is definition of HTN

A

Blood pressure > 140/90

Ambulatory BP monitoring can aid diagnosis

  • Rules out white coat hypertension
  • Stage 1: ABPM >135/85 -> calculate CV risk, if >20% TREAT!
  • Stage 2: ABPM >150/95 -> treat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what clinic BP should indicate immediate treatment

A

BP > 180/110

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

treatment cascade for BP

A

Step 1:
If under 55
- start on ACEi (A)

If over 55
- start on CCB (C)

Step 2:
A + C

Step 3:
A + C + D

Step 4:
A + C + D = consider further diuretic or alpha/beta blocker
Consider seeking expert advice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is difference between unstable and stable angina

A

Stable angina = worse on exercise, relieved by rest

Unstable = occurs at rest, increasing frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mx of angina

A

Aspirin and statin for all (except if contraindicated)

GTN spray

Beta-blocker/calcium channel blocker monotherapy (then combine if needed)

If resistant: isosorbide mononitrate, ivabradine, nicroandil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 3 categories of ACS

A

Unstable angina: ECG changes, no corresponding trop rise

NSTEMI: ECG changes (ST depression, T wave inversion), trop rise

STEMI: ST elevation, trop rise
>2mm in 2 adjacent chest leads
>1mm in 2 adjacent limb leads
New LBBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

STEMI Tx

A

Primary PCI within 2 hours of presentation

Thrombolysis if PCI not available

MONAC acronym is not longer accurate, instead:

  • IV morphine (plus anti-emetic)
  • Oxygen ONLY if sats <95%
  • GTN spray
  • Aspirin 300mg
  • Ticagrelor 180mg or Clopidogrel 75mg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tx for NSTEMI

A
  • IV morphine (plus anti-emetic)
  • GTN spray
  • Aspirin 300mg
  • Clopidogrel 300mg
  • Fondaparinux
  • Angiography +/- PCI
20
Q

side effects of ACE-i

A

Dry cough

[switch to ARB]

21
Q

side effects of GTN spray

22
Q

side effects of bisoprolol

A

Dizziness/postural hypotension/collapse

Stop if this occurs – the risk of harm outweighs benefit

23
Q

what drugs cause Long QT syndrome

A

Antibiotics (Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, anti-fungals)

Antipsychotics (Haloperidol, Quetiapine, Risperidone)

Antiarrhythmics (Amiodarone)

Antidepressants (Citalopram, Amitriptyline, Clomipramime)

Antiemetics (Ondansetron, Domperidone)

Others (Methadone, antimalarials, antiretrovirals)

24
Q

A 55 year-old man presents to his GP for a routine health check. He is found to have BP 160/105 in clinic. He has a strong family history of cardiac disease, and a personal history of type 2 diabetes. He is a current smoker. What is the most appropriate management?

A

Start lisinopril and encourage smoking cessation

Diabetic = ACE-inhibitor is first line

25
Q

how is pericarditis treated

A

high-dose ibuprofen (or any NSAIDs)

26
Q

An 80 year old inpatient in a surgical ward develops acute shortness of breath, with RR 28 and SpO2 85%. They are tachycardic and normotensive. Temperature is 38.4. They are day 2 post-op for bowel obstruction. Past medical history includes a STEMI 6 months previously, and 3 months of worsening shortness of breath on exertion at home before admission. What is the most appropriate initial management?

A

High-flow oxygen

This could be acute pulmonary oedema, PE or chest infection. No matter which, if a patient has low sats -> give O2!

27
Q

treatment for SVT

28
Q

A 69 year-old is reviewed in the heart failure clinic. They have increasing shortness of breath on exertion, and reduced exercise tolerance. Currently they can walk 20m before having to stop to catch their breath; 6 months ago they could walk half a mile. Past medical history includes 2 previous MIs, angina, moderate LVSD (confirmed on echocardiogram 2 months ago), T2DM, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. They are on bisoprolol, ramipril and tamsulosin. What is the most appropriate next management step?

A

Start spironolactone

After BB and ACE-inhibitor, adding MRA is the next step in chronic LVF

29
Q

ST elevation in V1 - V4 - type of MI and artery affected

A

anteroseptal

Left anterior descending

30
Q

ST elevation in II, III, aVF - type of MI and artery affected

A

inferior

Right Coronary Artery

31
Q

ST elevation in V4-6, I, aVL - type of MI and artery affected

A

anterolateral

Left anterior descending or left circumflex

32
Q

ST elevation in I, aVL +/- V5-6 - type of MI and artery affected

A

lateral

left circumflex

33
Q

Tall R waves V1-2 - type of MI and artery affected

A

posterior

left circumflex or right coronary

34
Q

ECG changes - hypercalcaemia

A

shorted QT interval

35
Q

ECG changes - hypocalcaemia

A

prolonged QT interval

36
Q

ECG changes - hyperkalaemia

A

tall tented T waves
loss of P waves
broad QRS complexes
VF

37
Q

ECG changes - hypokalaemia

A

U waves
Small or absent T waves
Prolonged PR interval
ST depression

38
Q

drug that cause ankle oedema

39
Q

drugs that causes Gout and diabetes and hyponatraemia

A

Thiazide diuretics

40
Q

drug that cause cold peripheries

A

beta blocker

41
Q

drug that cause fluid retention

42
Q

drug that causes Muscle weakness raised CK

43
Q

drug that causes Increased eye pigmentation

A

prostagladin

44
Q

when can postural hypotension be diagnosed

A

a drop in SBP of at least 20 mmHg and/or a drop in DBP of at least 10 mmHg within 3 minutes of standing

45
Q

Ix for AAA

46
Q

Ix for aortic dissection

A

CT angiography

4th Year SB (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions