Cardiac

Question 1

What defines a supraventricular tachycardia on EKG?

Answer 1

Rate > 100 w/ a QRS < 0.12

Question 2

Multifocal atrial tachycardia is associated with what disease processes?

Answer 2

COPD and Theophylline use

Question 3

What is the most common reentrant accessory pathway in AV reentrant tachycardia? What is the EKG characteristic? In what disease processes can it be seen?

Answer 3

Bundle of Kent

Delta waves

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Question 4

What two electrolyte abnormalities are associated with ventricular tachycardia and polymorphic tachycardia?

Answer 4

hypokalemia and hyponmagnesia

Question 5

What EKG findings are seen in digoxin use?

Answer 5

gradual downward curve of the ST segment (causes multiple dysrhythmias and AV block)

Question 6

What EKG findings are seen in hypocalcemia?

Answer 6

increased QT interval

Question 7

What EKG findings are seen in hypothermia?

Answer 7

J-point elevation

Question 8

What EKG changes are seen in Brugada syndrome?

Answer 8

right BBB w/ ST eelvation in V1-3

predsiposes to sudden cardiac death

Question 9

What EKG changes are seen in SAH?

Answer 9

peaked T waves and ST depression

Question 10

What are the classes of Antiarrythmics?

Answer 10

Class 1 (Na Channel blockers)
Class 2 (B blockers)
Class 3 (K channel blockers)
Class 4 (Ca channel blockers)

Question 11

Stimulation of Andrenergic Alpha Receptors leads to ______.

Answer 11

vasoconstriction

Question 12

Stimulation of Andrenergic Beta-1 receptors leads to ______.

Answer 12

increases cardiac output (chronotropy) and strength of contraction (inotropy)

Question 13

Stimulation of Andrenergic B-2 Receptors leads to ______..

Answer 13

vasodilation

Question 14

Activation of dopamine receptors causes ______ of cerebral, renal, coronary, and mesenteric vasculature.

Answer 14

vasodilation

Question 15

What receptors does dobutamine acitvate?

Answer 15

B1 agonist, mild B2 and A2 agonist

Question 16

What are the effects of dobutamine?

Answer 16

inotropic, peripheral vascular dilation, increases cardiac output, decrease in SVR

No change in BP

side effect of tachycardia

Question 17

At low doses, dopamine causes _______ while at high doses it causes ________.

Answer 17

vasodilation; vasoconstriction

Question 18

Phenylephrine affects predominantly _____ receptors.

Answer 18

alpha 1

Question 19

What kind of pressor is vasopressin?

Answer 19

norandrenergic

Question 20

What are contraindications for norepinephrine use?

Answer 20

renal failure

Question 21

What electrolyte abnormality enhances digoxin toxicity?

Answer 21

hypokalemia

Question 22

When therapeutic, what are the effects of digoxin?

Answer 22

AV and SA node conduction slowing

Question 23

What are the treatments for digoxin toxicity?

Answer 23

K, Mg, Lidocaine, Digoxin antibody, and charcoal

Question 24

What are the cardiovascular effects of furosemide?

Answer 24

increases SVR and decreases CO

Question 25

What medication can block the response of furosemide?

Answer 25

NSAIDs

Question 26

What are the major side effects of furosemide?

Answer 26

ototoxicity, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypochloremia, and metabolic alkalosis

Question 27

What receptors does labetalol act upon? What are its effects?

Answer 27

alpha and beta receptors; lowers BP but does not increase HR or increase CO

Question 28

What is the treatment for methemoglobinemia? What cardiac drug can cause methemoglobinemia?

Answer 28

Methylene blue

Nitroglycerine

Question 29

What cardiac drug can cause cyanide toxicity?

Answer 29

Sodium nitroprusside

Question 30

What are the treatments for air embolism?

Answer 30

left lateral decubitus position, hyperbaric oxygen, or removal of air embolism