Cardiac

Question 1

symptoms of ischemic chest pain

Answer 1

• Central crushing pain
• Radiation to neck, jaw or upper limbs
• nausea
• shortness of breath

Question 2

ECG placement

Answer 2

1. V1 goes to fourth intercostal space at border of sternum
2. V2 goes to fourth intercostal space at border of sternum
3. V3 placed in between V2 and V4
4. V4 At the mid-clavicular line in fifth intercostal space
5. V5 at anterior axillary line on same horizontal line as V4
6. V6 at mid-axillary line on same horizontal line as V4 and V5
7. LA anywhere between left elbow and wrist
8. RA anywhere between left elbow and wrist
9. LL anywhere above ankle and below torso
10. RL anywhere above ankle and below torso

Question 3

Draw ST elevation, ST depression and normal ECG

Question 4

what is acute coronary syndrome

Answer 4

Ruptured atherosclerotic plaque and clot formation

Question 5

Management of acute coronary syndrome

Answer 5

• Continuous cardiac monitoring
• Close monitoring of vital signs
• Pain relief, bed rest, emotional support
• GTN
• Aspirin
• Venous access
• Blood tests
• 12-lead ECGs
• Caution with O2
• Plan for ongoing management:
• Medical management
• Revascularisation – PCI or CABG

Question 6

what is left ventricular heart failure

Answer 6

• Causes fluid to build up in the lungs.
• blood remains in the ventricle at the end of systole
• increase in LV size & pressure - backflow of blood into LA …
• increase in pulmonary pressure … fluid enters the alveoli
  = pulmonary oedema

Question 7

Left ventricular heart failure management

Answer 7

Nurse upright
* Supplemental O2 if SpO2 < 93% +/- non-invasive ventilation with positive pressure
* Decrease myocardial O2 demand
* Reduce preload & afterload (vasodilators & diuretics)
* Invasive monitoring of BP & CVP, continuous monitoring of HR & rhythm, RR, SpO2 (so CCU or ICU)
* Inotropes, intra-aortic balloon pump, LV assist device

Question 8

what is an MI

Answer 8

A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle

Question 9

symptoms of MI

Answer 9

• chest pain
• shortness of breath
• nausea
• lightheaded

Question 10

TB treatments

Answer 10

antibiotics for 6 months

Question 11

TB tests

Answer 11

• Skin tests
• blood test
• X-ray
• sputum test

Question 12

TB issues

Answer 12

• feel tired
• lose weight without trying to
• have a fever
• sweat in bed at night
• lose their appetite

Question 13

left vetricular heart failure symptoms

Answer 13

• SOB
• frequent urination at night
• increase HR
• cough

Question 14

right vetricular heart failure what is it and symptoms

Answer 14

• Causes fluid to back up in the body.
• peripheral oedema
• hypertension
• irregular heart rate