carbs Flashcards
complex carbohydrates
starch - amylase and amyolopectin
fiber - soluble and insoluble
-glycogen
simple carbohydrate
Disaccharides - lactose, maltose, sucrose
monosaccharides - glucose, galactose, fructose
digestible cho
starch - amylopectin
disaccrides - lactose, sucrose, fructose
what kind of starch is amylase
resistant starch
not digested or resistant to digestion CHO
fiber - soluble and insoluble
amylose
Monosaccharides - glucose, galactose, fructose
sucrose is the sweetest of the disaccharides because
its made of fructose and glucose
which monosaccharide is the sweetest
fructose
why are fruits sweeter than vegetables
because fruit have more fructose and sucrose
mechanical and chemical digestion happen both in the
mouth
amylase molecule is
large CHO molecules that are tightly packed together (straight line bonds)
isomaltase
breaks bonds at branches of amylopectin
maltase
breaks straight-line bonds
-breaks down maltose and small CHO molecules
sucrase breaks bond in
suncrose
lactase breaks the bond in
lactose
fiber is made up of
B,1,4 and glucose glucose bonds
role of mucosa cells in SI: digestion
brush border enzymes
-disaccharide digestion
role of mucosa cells in SI: absorption
mucosa cells in SI absorp all nutrients
what does secretin do
neutralizes HCl
nutrients get absorbed into the blood
H20 soluble, CHO
nutrients that get absorbed into the lumph
fat-soluble nutrients, ADEK, cholesterol and fats
CHO is converted at ___ to
sees liver first, and turned into galactose and fructose
after CHO is converted it is stored as
glycogen in the skeletal muscle or converted to fat and stored as fat
which organ can glycogen not leave
the muscle
difference between celiacs disease and gluten intolerance
CD = damaged to SI and autoimmune reaction
GI= no damage to SI
zonulin causes
leaky gut
people with celiacs disease have less
digestion = brush border enzymes - difficulty in digesting disaccharides
-decrease in isomaltase - helps digest amylopectin
hyperglycemia
too much blood sugar
-pancreas needs to release insulin
-transport extra sugar into cells
-builds glycogen
-then returns to normal blood sugar
hypoglycemia
too little blood sugar
-pancreas releases glucagon
-glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in liver
-stimulates glycogeneogensis
-then it normalizes glycogen
glycogen is made in
muscle, liver, adipocytes
insulin release is proportionate to
hyperglycemia
reactive hyerglycemia
server hyperglycemia causes severe hyerinsulinemia
good CHO
-more fiber the better
-whole grain
-fruits
-veggies
-starchy fibers
bad CHO
sodas, juice, pasta, pure startches
type 1 diabetes
cant produce insulin
-struggle resolving hyperglycemia
-target cells are healthy
what triggers type 1 diabetes
stress triggers autoimmune response
therapy for type 1 diabetes
insulin pumps
type 2 diabetes
struggle resolving hyperglycemia
-insulin resistance - target cells dont respond
-beta cell fatigue over time
therapy for type 2 diabetes
insulin injections
-weight loss
insulin resistance (type 2) is reversible
true
lipogenesis
making triglycerides from fat
de novo lipogenesis
making triglycerides from CHO or protein
impact of insulin on carbohydrates
stimulates making glycogen, and inhibits glyconeogenesis
impact of insulin on protein
stimulates protein synthesis
inhibits protolysis
impact of insulin on fat
stimulates lipogenesis
inhibits lipolysis
