blood health

Question 1

vascular health entails

Answer 1

blood related things: blood volume, RBC, coagulation
2. Vascular flexibillity

Question 2

whole blood

Answer 2

plasma - ECF - carries h20, electrolytes, protein

red blood cells: sacks of HB - ICF

platelets and white blood cells: platelets are for clotting and white blood cells are for immune system

Question 3

normovolemia

Answer 3

norma blood volume

Question 4

hypovolemia

Answer 4

low blood volume

Question 5

to find proportion of blood

Answer 5

divide the part by the whole

Question 6

hypervolemia

Answer 6

high blood volume

Question 7

polycythemic

Answer 7

excess red blood cells

Question 8

hematocrit

Answer 8

RBC proportion of total blood volume
45% is normal

Question 9

anemia

Answer 9

blood volume: can be normal

plasma volume: normal unless stated

hematocrit: low

Question 10

dehydration causes

Answer 10

blood volume: hypo
plasma volume: hypo
hematocrit : normal

Question 11

blood doping

Answer 11

blood volume: hyper
plasma volume: normal
hematocrit: greater than 45% (high)

Question 12

polycythemia

Answer 12

blood doping

Question 13

what are RBC

Answer 13

sacks of hemoglobin

Question 14

hemoglobin

Answer 14

protein with iron

Question 15

RBC live for

Answer 15

120 days

Question 16

what do RBC use to survive

Answer 16

glucose
-no nucleus or mitochondria

Question 17

RBC function

Answer 17

to deliver oxygen
bioenergetics make atp

Question 18

hemoglobin and myoglobin function

Answer 18

transport O2

Question 19

hemoglobin

Answer 19

gets o2 from the lungs is transported in the blood to working tissues and is handed off to myoglobin in the muscle
- 4 subunits - each subunit has an iron

Question 20

myoglobin

Answer 20

delivers O2 to the mitochondria from the ETC
- 1 sub unit

Question 21

co2 does not bind to iron but to

Answer 21

the protein of hemoglobin

Question 22

O2 binds to

Answer 22

iron

Question 23

acid base buffer

Answer 23

hemoglobin can buffer h ions

Question 24

RBC are made in

Answer 24

red marrow inside bones

Question 25

how are RBC made

Answer 25

erythropoiesis - taking red marrow and making it a mature RBC

Question 26

genetically determined anemia

Answer 26

sickle cell anemia

Question 27

nutrient deficiency related anemia

Answer 27

megaloblastic anemia (hypochromic)
microcytic and hypochromic anemia

Question 28

megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic anemia)

Answer 28

large immature red blood cells
cant make enough DNA
o2 capacity is lower
- RBC get stuck in metaphase which makes them large immature red blood cells

Question 29

megaloblastic anemia nutrient causes

Answer 29

deficiences in folate, b6, b12

Question 30

pernicious anemia

Answer 30

causes only by a deficiency in B12

Question 31

microcytic and hypochromic

Answer 31

low chromic darkness (small pale red blood cells)
- cant make hemoglobin
o2 capacity lower
inability to make hemoglobin

Question 32

microcytic and hypochromic nutrient causes

Answer 32

deficiencies in iron or protein

Question 33

components of a clot

Answer 33

RBCs
platelets
fibrinogens and fibrins

Question 34

purpose of clotting

Answer 34

to stop bledding

Question 35

anticoagulants - aka blood thinners

Answer 35

1. warfin - reduce the ability to clot and decrease vitamin Ks ability to work
2. when on blood thinner - you need to regulate your vitamin K intake to so that it is even across all days

Question 36

vitamin K helps produce

Answer 36

prothrombin

Question 37

cardiovascular system is dependent on 1.

Answer 37

1. our blood vessels’ ability to dilate and constrict
   - helps regulate blood pressure
   - helps delivery of more O2 and nutrients during exercise

Question 38

cardiovascular system is dependent on 2.

Answer 38

inflexibility wont allow dilation and constriction
- inflammation - CRP
- oxidative stress
-atherosclerosis

Question 39

c-reactive protein

Answer 39

blood marker for obesity

Question 40

atherosclerosis

Answer 40

1. accumulation of plaque buildup in arteries
   - initiated by vessel injury
   - oxidation of cells lining vessels
2. propagated by high LDL, Low HDL
3. high LDL increase of them becoming oxidized
4. oxidized LDLs
5. hardening of plaque
6. free radicals and ROS

Question 41

homocysteine

Answer 41

oxidize things
- including cells lining vessels - membranes
- including LDLs`

Question 42

lower homocysteine =

Answer 42

lower risk of damage caused by oxidation

Question 43

prevention of athterosclerosis

Answer 43

manage inflammation
higher quality diet
no smokinh
exercise - lowers CRP levels

Question 44

folate associated with

Answer 44

megaloblastic anemia

Question 45

what converts homocysteine to cystine (vascular inflexibility)

Answer 45

folate (naturally occuring)

Question 46

folate food sources

Answer 46

fortified enriched flours (cereals, baked goods), green leafy vegetables

Question 47

man made folate is called

Answer 47

folic acid

Question 48

B12 anemia

Answer 48

megaloblastic - pernicious anemia
- if no IF then lowering bioavailablity

Question 49

b12 is made in

Answer 49

stomach walls

Question 50

intrinsic factor made in

Answer 50

stomach

Question 51

b12 deficiency caused by

Answer 51

atrophic gastritis - injures stomach walls
genetics
tapeworms
reduced nutrient intake

Question 52

food sources of B12

Answer 52

dairy and meat
nutritional yeast

Question 53

iron anemia

Answer 53

microcytic hypochromic anemia

Question 54

iron availability is influenced by many factors

Answer 54

1. antinutrients - phytates
2. type of iron - heme or non heme
3. vitamin c - increases bioavailblity

Question 55

food sources of iron

Answer 55

red meat, enriched pasta, spinach, lentils

Question 56

CA

Answer 56

1. coagulation
2. bone health

Question 57

vitamin K and food sources

Answer 57

coagulation - k1 or k2
food sources - green veggies, leafy greens, kale, broccoli
fat soluble