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IB Biology - Fall Semester > Carbohydrates and Lipids (Biomolecules) > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and Lipids (Biomolecules) Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s a double bond?

A

A chemical bond where two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms

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2
Q

What are function groups?

A

Groups that attach to a carbon and making it reactive

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3
Q

What are the five functional groups?

A

Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid, and Ester

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4
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction?

A

It’s a reaction where a covalent bond is formed, creating a drop of water (water is extracted)

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5
Q

What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction where a covalent bond is broken down by adding water

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6
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

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7
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, and Ribose

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8
Q

What’s a disaccharide?

A

Two simple sugars joined together by a glycosidic link

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose

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10
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A lot (1,000s) of simple sugars joined together

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11
Q

What is glycosidic linkage?

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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12
Q

Give 3 examples of polysaccharide

A

Glycogen, Starch, and Cellulose

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13
Q

What are isomer compounds?

A

One, two, or more compounds with the same chemical formula but different arrangements

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14
Q

What is a hexose?

A

A monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms in a molecule

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15
Q

What is a pentose?

A

A monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms in a molecule

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16
Q

What is starch made up of?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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17
Q

What kind of chain does amylose have?

A

Unbranched chain

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18
Q

What kind of chain does amylopectin have?

A

Shorter, branched chains

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19
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A large and unbranched polymer of alpha glucose

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20
Q

What kind of molecule is glycogen?

A

A storage molecule that’s easily broken down into glucose

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21
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A polymer made up of beta-glucose

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22
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

A membrane protein with a sugar coating

23
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance (a foreign object)

24
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein produced by blood plasma cells that bind to an antigen to help destroy it

25
Q

What does it mean when blood agglutinates?

A

When someone receives the wrong blood type in transfusion and the blood cells clump together in response

26
Q

What’s a triglyceride?

A

A type of fat found in the blood (an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids)

27
Q

What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acid – all carbons are saturated with hydrogen and there are no double bonds between the carbons
Unsaturated fatty acid – not fully saturated and there are double bonds between the carbons

28
Q

What’s a phospholipid made up of?

A

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate

29
Q

What do phospholipids make?

A

The cell membrane

30
Q

What is a steroid?

A

A type of lipid derived from cholesterol

31
Q

What type of hormone is estradiol?

A

A female sex hormone

32
Q

What type of hormone is testosterone?

A

A male sex hormone

33
Q

What are the properties of carbon that make it most suitable for the formation of diverse molecules and the basis of life?

A

It has 4 valence electrons that can form bonds with other molecules and itself

34
Q

When do condensation reactions occur in biological systems?

A

In the creation of large molecules

35
Q

When do hydrolysis reactions occur in biological systems?

A

In the destruction of large molecules

36
Q

What is the function of monosaccharides?

A

To produce and store energy

37
Q

What are the two structural forms of glucose?

A

Chain and open-ring

38
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

To provide strength and rigidity to the plant cell wall

39
Q

What about cellulose’s molecular structure makes it suitable for structural support in a cell?

A

It has a long cable like structure that overlaps make a good solid structure

40
Q

How are antigens (glycoproteins) important for cell-cell recognition?

A

They allow the two cells to communicate

41
Q

What about lipids’ structure makes them generally insoluble in water?

A

Lipids are not polar

42
Q

How are triglycerides and phospholipids formed and broken down?

A

Condensation and hydrolysis reactions

43
Q

Are steroids able to pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Yes

44
Q

What is the molecular make of steroids?

A

3 hexagons and 1 pentagon

45
Q

Whats the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

46
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

47
Q

How many single bonds can carbon form?

A

4

48
Q

2 examples of pentose monosaccharides

A

Deoxyribose and Ribose

49
Q

Give an example of hexose monosaccharides?

A

Glucose

50
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy storage, production and cell structure

51
Q

2 examples of 1-4 glycosidic bonds

A

Amylose and Cellulose

52
Q

2 examples of 1-6 glycosidic bonds

A

Glycogen and Amylopectin

53
Q

Blood containing glycoprotein A can be transfused into which person?

A

Type A and AB

54
Q

What is the name of the bond between a glycerol and 3 saturated fatty acids?

A

An ester bond

IB Biology - Fall Semester (5 decks)

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