Carbohydrates and Lipids (Biomolecules) Flashcards
What’s a double bond?
A chemical bond where two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms
What are function groups?
Groups that attach to a carbon and making it reactive
What are the five functional groups?
Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid, and Ester
What happens in a condensation reaction?
It’s a reaction where a covalent bond is formed, creating a drop of water (water is extracted)
What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
A reaction where a covalent bond is broken down by adding water
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars
Give 3 examples of monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, and Ribose
What’s a disaccharide?
Two simple sugars joined together by a glycosidic link
Give 3 examples of disaccharides
Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose
What is a polysaccharide?
A lot (1,000s) of simple sugars joined together
What is glycosidic linkage?
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
Give 3 examples of polysaccharide
Glycogen, Starch, and Cellulose
What are isomer compounds?
One, two, or more compounds with the same chemical formula but different arrangements
What is a hexose?
A monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms in a molecule
What is a pentose?
A monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms in a molecule
What is starch made up of?
Amylose and Amylopectin
What kind of chain does amylose have?
Unbranched chain
What kind of chain does amylopectin have?
Shorter, branched chains
What is glycogen?
A large and unbranched polymer of alpha glucose
What kind of molecule is glycogen?
A storage molecule that’s easily broken down into glucose
What is cellulose?
A polymer made up of beta-glucose
What is a glycoprotein?
A membrane protein with a sugar coating
What is an antigen?
Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance (a foreign object)
What is an antibody?
A protein produced by blood plasma cells that bind to an antigen to help destroy it
What does it mean when blood agglutinates?
When someone receives the wrong blood type in transfusion and the blood cells clump together in response
What’s a triglyceride?
A type of fat found in the blood (an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids)
What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acid – all carbons are saturated with hydrogen and there are no double bonds between the carbons
Unsaturated fatty acid – not fully saturated and there are double bonds between the carbons
What’s a phospholipid made up of?
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate
What do phospholipids make?
The cell membrane
What is a steroid?
A type of lipid derived from cholesterol
What type of hormone is estradiol?
A female sex hormone
What type of hormone is testosterone?
A male sex hormone
What are the properties of carbon that make it most suitable for the formation of diverse molecules and the basis of life?
It has 4 valence electrons that can form bonds with other molecules and itself
When do condensation reactions occur in biological systems?
In the creation of large molecules
When do hydrolysis reactions occur in biological systems?
In the destruction of large molecules
What is the function of monosaccharides?
To produce and store energy
What are the two structural forms of glucose?
Chain and open-ring
What is the function of cellulose?
To provide strength and rigidity to the plant cell wall
What about cellulose’s molecular structure makes it suitable for structural support in a cell?
It has a long cable like structure that overlaps make a good solid structure
How are antigens (glycoproteins) important for cell-cell recognition?
They allow the two cells to communicate
What about lipids’ structure makes them generally insoluble in water?
Lipids are not polar
How are triglycerides and phospholipids formed and broken down?
Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
Are steroids able to pass through the phospholipid bilayer?
Yes
What is the molecular make of steroids?
3 hexagons and 1 pentagon
Whats the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What are carbohydrates made of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
How many single bonds can carbon form?
4
2 examples of pentose monosaccharides
Deoxyribose and Ribose
Give an example of hexose monosaccharides?
Glucose
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Energy storage, production and cell structure
2 examples of 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Amylose and Cellulose
2 examples of 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Glycogen and Amylopectin
Blood containing glycoprotein A can be transfused into which person?
Type A and AB
What is the name of the bond between a glycerol and 3 saturated fatty acids?
An ester bond
