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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

1 gram of carbohydrate is =

A

4 kcal

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2
Q

1 g of protein =

A

4 kcal

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3
Q

1 g of fat =

A

9 kcal

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4
Q

Structural component of cells
Recognition molecule
Source of fats and amino acids

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

60-70% of total calories

A

Dietary Carbohydrates

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6
Q

the increase in blood glucose from the ingestion of a specific food in a given time period

A

Glycemic response

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7
Q

The concentration of blood glucose observed by consumption of a food, relative to that of a standard food

A

Glycemic index

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8
Q

Standard of gycemic index

Glucose

A

100

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9
Q

Dietary carbohydrates

A

Starch
Cellulose
Disaccharides
Monosaccharides

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10
Q

Starch undergoes hydrolysis by

A

Amylase

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11
Q

Prevents digestion of carbohydrates

A

Alpha glucosidase
Acarbose

Give with first spoonful of food

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12
Q

Specific amylase present in saliva

Hydrolyzes starch and it will break it down to maltose and dextrin

A

Ptyalin

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13
Q

Salivary amylase is responsible for cleavage of this section at this pH

Maltose
Maltotriose
Dextrose
Glucose

A

Alpha 1,4

Optimum pH 6.6-6.8

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14
Q

Remaining polymers of starch -> hydrolysis of amylopectin or glycogen

A

Limit dextrins

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15
Q

Dietary fibers

A 
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectins
Mucilages and gums
Lignin
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16
Q

Not enzymatically digested

Not a major source of nourishment

A

Dietary fibers

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17
Q

Acts on cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, mucilages and gums and lignin to produce carbox dioxide, methane, water and H

A

bacteria

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18
Q

Absorption of monosaccharides is through

A

Simple passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport

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19
Q

Pentose/Glucose

Mode of transport

A

Simple passive diffusion

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20
Q

Fructose/Mannose/Glucose

Mode of transport

A

Facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

Glucose/Galactose

Mode of transport

A

Active transport

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22
Q

Due to inability to produce enough glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE)

Accumulation of limit-dextrin like structures in cytosol

A

Forbes-Cori disease
Glycogen storage Type III Disease
Limit dextrinosis

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23
Q

All cells

A

Glut 1 and 3

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24
Q

Liver and Pancreas SI

A

Glut 2

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25
Q

Muscle and fat

A

Glut 4

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26
Q

Gut and Small intestines

A

Glut 5

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27
Q

Lactose intolerance results from deficiency of

A

Beta galactosidase

Lactase deficiency

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28
Q 
Undigested lactose hydrolyzed by bacteria 
Production of lactic acid, gas
Diarrhea
Abdominal distention
Pain
Low stool pH from lactic acid
A

Lactose intolerance

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29
Q

The gene responsible for making GDE (Glucosyl transferase and alpha 1,6 glucosidase) is the

A

AGL gene

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30
Q

Mirror images

Spatial relationship to the parent compound glyceraldehyde

Optically active

A

D and L isomers

31
Q

Carbon: Hydrogen: Oxygen

A

1: 2: 1

32
Q

When the OH group of C1 is pointing in the opposite direction to the carbon 6

A

Alpha glucose

33
Q

Where the hydroxyl group of C1 and C6 is pointing in the same direction

A

Beta glucose

34
Q

2 glucose molecules linked together by a 1,2,4 glycosidic bond

A

Maltose

Disaccharide

35
Q

Process of linking monosaccharides with one another is called

Where this is released

A

Condensation

Water

36
Q

This process breaks the alpha glycosidic bond by adding water

A

Hydrolysis

37
Q

Galactose + Glucose

Linked by a?

A

Lactose

Beta 1,4 glycosidic bond
Disaccharide

38
Q

alpha Glucose + beta Fructose

Linked by a bond called?

A

Sucrose

Glucose alpha 1 and fructose beta 2 bond
Disaccharide

Flipped
Table sugar
Formed by plants

39
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

40
Q

Short chain of monosaccharides less than 20 monosaccharides

A

Oligosaccharide

41
Q

Glucose + Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltotriose

42
Q

More than 20 monosaccharide bonds

Oli becomes

A

Polysaccharides

Glycans

43
Q

Polysaccharide with single type of monosaccharide

Contain two or more types of monosaccharide

A

Homopolysaccharide

Heteropolysaccharide

44
Q

Polysaccharides can be

A

Branched

Unbranched

45
Q

Serve as storage form of polysaccharide in plants

A

Homopolysaccharide

Ex. starch made up of glucose

46
Q

Branching between two glucose molecules in starch is at the

A

alpha 1, 6

47
Q

If starch is unbranched, it contains

A

a 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Amylose

48
Q

If starch is branched it contains

A

a 1-6 glycosidic bonds
a 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Amylopectin

49
Q

Storage form of glucose in animals

A

Glycogen

Contains amylose and amylopectin

50
Q

Branch points in glycogen occur every

A

8-12 glucose residues

51
Q

Branch points in starch occur every

A

24-30 glucose residues

52
Q

Structural components of bacteria and yeast made up of a 1,3 and alpha 1,6 bonds

May contain a 1,2 and a 1,4

A

Dextrans

53
Q

Make up the plant cell wall
Unbranched homopolysaccharide consisting of thousands of glucose molecules

Glucose molecules have beta configuration
B 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Humans have no enzymes that hydrolyze B 1,4

A

Cellulose

54
Q

Aldehydes or ketones that contain hydroxyl groups

Saccharon meaning sugar

A

Carbohydrates

55
Q

Major product of digestion of carbohydrates

A

Glucose

56
Q

Role of Glucose

A 
Energy source
Metabolic fuel and intermediates
Structural framework of DNA and RNA
Structural elements of living things
Glycoconjugates serve as recognition sites of hormones, Ag specificity etc.
Source of reducing equivalents (NADPH)
57
Q

Sugar alcohols

A

Sorbitol
Mannitol
Xylitol
Fruits

58
Q

50% of ingested glucose is converted to

A

Energy (Glycolysis)

59
Q

The dominant product is pyruvate

A

Aerobic glycolysis

60
Q

When oxygen is depleted, as for instance during prolonged vigorous exercise, the dominant product is

A

Lactate

61
Q

30-40% of glucose is

A

converted to fat

62
Q

10% of glucose is

A

converted to glycogen

63
Q

The assimilation of food and its conversion into more useful forms for the maintenance of body processes

A

Nutrition

64
Q

Amount of a nutrient considered adequate to maintain health

A

Recommended Nutrient Intake RNI

65
Q

Least amount of nutrient that prevents deficiency

A

Minimum Daily Requirement

66
Q

Impairment of health from defiency or excess of nutrients

A

Malnutrition

67
Q

Mirror images
Spatial relationship to the parent compound Glyceraldehyde
Optically active

A

D and L isomers

68
Q

Most abundant heteropolysaccharide

A

Glycosaminoglycans

69
Q

Long unbranched polysaccharide
Highly negatively charged
High viscosity
Low compressibility

A

N-acetylgalactosamine
N-acetylglucosamine
Uronic acid - Glucuronate or iduronate

70
Q

Dietary carbohydrates recommeded intake

A

55-70% of the total calories

At least 50-100gm DAILY

71
Q

70% of the total carbohydrate intake should be

A

Complex

10% simple

72
Q

“Equal”
“NutraSweet”

Nutritive
Dipeptide of aspartate and phenylalanine

200x as sweet as sucrose

A

Aspartame

73
Q

Non-nutritive

350x as sweet as sucrose

Leaves a bitter aftertaste

High intakes lead to bladder cancer in animals

A

Saccharin

Biochemistry (32 decks)

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