Carbohydrates Flashcards
What are the two main function of Carbohydrates ?
Central Function for Energy storage and energy production .
What are the simple things carbohydrate do ?
They provide the energy to the body , particularly through glucose and are which of a simple sugar which is a component of starch and ingredient in many staple foods.
What is the Carbohydrates ?
They are compounds which contain at least three carbons atoms , a number of hydroxyl groups usually aldehyde /ketone .
What is an example of carbohydrates ?
Glucose is an example of carbohydrates as they are absorbed in the blood stream as glucose other sugars are converted into glucose in the liver .
What is glucose for us ?
Its a fuel for major metabolic fuel of mammals .
What are glucose used in the body ?
Glycogen for Storage
Ribose /deoxynbose :Nuclei acids
Galactose in milk.
What are the some of the diseases associated ?
Diabetes
Lactose intolernace
What are saccharide?
Sweet
Small molecular weight which has a sweet taste.
What are Polysaccharide ?
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
There long chains of monosaccharide linked together by glycolic bonds.
What are monosaccharide give examples and how can you classify them ?
any of the class sugars that cannot be hydrolysed to give a simpler sugar. And can be classified by their carbonyl group .For example according to 5 carbons are called pentose. ASwell as the carbonyl group being ketones and aldehydes .
Glucose,
Fructose
Galatose
What are disaccharide ?
any class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharaides residues .For example two glucose can form glucose .
Made of two monosacchride two glucose molecule is mltose .
Linked together by alpha 1-4 glysolsic bond. Because the C of one side linked to the other carbon of atoms.
Sucrose
Lactose
maltose
What are Polysaccharide ?
Long chains of monosaccharide linked by glycolic bonds
What is the Dehydration syntheses ?
H20 is released as a new bond
By joining smaller sub units
H20 is released or formed as a new bond also mean loosing water.
In which its linked to glycolic bond
What is the hydrolysis reaction ?
Where H20 IS ADDED
This occurs
What are Alpha and Beta ?
They both structural isomers
Alpha can be broken down by enzymes plants and animals which can be digested alpha amylase .
Beta linkage cannot be broken down by enzymes in plants and animals
What is the Alpha ? How can you determine it ?
Alpha elements occur in different directions based on the group C1 is pointing in the opposite directions .
They apply in other groups such as fructose.
Differ only in the location of the
hydrogen H and hydroxl group OH
location on carbon 1.
What is Beta and how can you determine it ?
Where the hydroxyl groups are pointing in the same directions .They apply in other group such as fructose
How is linkage of two monosaachired done ?
Its done by condensation where h20 is released .As well as the reverse .
How do you know if the structure is Aldose?
Its attached to one carbon only
How do you know if the structure is Ketose ?
its attached to a number of carbons
What is the Fisher projections ?
They are a different way of visualising molecules
Do not bond angles at 90 degrees.
What is an example of L- Glyceride Fisher projections and how do you know ?
OH is on the left .
What is an example of D -glucose ?
OH is on the right.
What are the three classes for Carbohydrates ?
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
How are two monosaccharides linked to ?
Is done by condensation where h20 is released .
What are the types of Polysaccharide ? and how can they be classified ?
Homopolysaccharide and heterpolysaccharide .
Homopolysaccharide : Contains only a single type of monosaccharide .
Heteropolysaccharide :Contains two or more types of monosaccharide .
What Starch a storage of ?Where can it be found ?
Monosaccharide in plants it can be found in bread, cereals and rice .
Who tends to give up electrons easily ?
Aldehydes are more oxides that’s why and are readily to give up electrons groups when reacting CU 2+ ions /Cu2+ reduced to Cu+ aldehydes are seen as reducing sugars.
What is Chitin used for ?
Its a structure of Polysaccharide and is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods .
They provide structural support for cells walls of many fungi and can be used for sugars due to its strong/flexible structure .
But don’t digest
Aldehyde Carbonyl Group
They are a carbon mainly at the end of carbon chain
Ketone
Are bonded by many carbons
Cellulose
They are insoluble fibers which pass through the digestive tract /
They are an example of Polysaccharide which in found in plants , in which they provide building blocks for plant structure . They deliver energy for plant storage .
It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers..
Animals, such as cows, sheep and horses, can digest cellulose, which is why they can get the energy and nutrients they need from grass.
Give an example of Monosaccharide , Disaccharides reaction and dehydration reaction
- Glucose
- Two Glucose formed by glycolic linkage and by dehydration .(Maltose)
- Condensation/H20 is released as an result.
How are Polysaccharides formed ?
when three or more monosaccharides, or simple sugars, join together.
The monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis, also called a condensation reaction, and form bonds with one another while losing a water molecule in the process.
Why cant humans digest cellulose ?
Because humans lack enzymes that can digest
cellulose glycosylic linkage (b-linkage).
What are D and L enantiomers (optical isomers) ?
enantiomers (optical isomers) of monosaccharides
Glyceraldehyde, the simplest carbohydrate, exhibits properties of a chiral or optical isomer compound. .
Glyceraldehyde, the simplest carbohydrate, exhibits properties of a chiral or optical isomer compound.
What does the function of Polysaccharide determine ?
how the glucose molecules bond together (linkage)
whether they can be used for
energy storage
structural molecules.
How does the branched structure support the function of these molecules?
branching allows for more points of access for enzymes to act (greater surface area)
Name some of the components in the Alpha 1-4 linkage ?
Starch and Glycogen.
Starch :Plants store glucose as the polysaccharide starch. The cereal grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) as well as tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch
energy storage in plants
Glycogen : This is the storage form of glucose in animals and humans which is analogous to the starch in plants. Glycogen is synthesized and stored mainly in the liver and the muscles.
Name some of the components in the Beta 1-4 linkage ?
Chitin and cellulose.
Cellulose = structural support in plants
(glucose polysaccharide)
Chitin = makes up the hard exoskeleton of insects / arthropods
(N-acetylglucosamine polysaccharide) .
What is the structure of Chitin and Cellulose ?
Long, unbranched chains allow bundling
The chains hydrogen bond with each other.
This provides greater strength.
What is Carbohydrate Metabolism ?
Involves anabolism, building up of complex molecules from simple molecules.
Gluconeogenesis: Synthesis of glucose.
Glycogenesis: Synthesis of glycogen.
And catabolism, breaking down of complex and simple molecules to supply energy.
Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose.
Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen to obtain glucose.
What are the Beta linkage ?
Beta linkage cannot be broken by enzymes (plants and animal)
Can NOT be digested. (structural)
Give an example of Polysaccharide ?
Starch and Glycogen
Structural Polysaccharide :
Chitin and cellulose .
Give an examples of Monosaccharide ?
glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose), and galactose.
Give an example of Disaccharide ?
Three common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
soluble in water.
Formed from two monosaccharide
