Carbohydrates Flashcards
energy is required to what?
power body processes
what is a calorie?
amount of energy required to heat 1mL of water to 1 C
1 Mcal = what?
1,000 Kcal
adult horse (500 kg or 1,100 lbs) with average metabolism has ____ Mcal DE
16.7
who created the DE energy calculations?
Fonnesbeck
who created a more accurate verison of the DE energy calculations?
Pagan
what is a UFC?
horse feed unit
1 UFC = NE of what?
1 kg of standard barley
be able to explain the 3 legged stool
energy production has aerobic and anaerobic forms.
aerobic uses glucose, fat, and protein and creates CO2 and H20 (slow and clean)
anaerobic uses glucose and produces lactic acid (quick and dirty) or uses phosphocreatine and creates creatine (quick and clean)
explain how structural carbs (forages) are used as dietary energy sources
microbial fermentation in the large intestine and produces VFAs that are absorbed
explain how non-structural carbs (grains) are used as dietary energy sources?
digestion in the small intestine, glucose to pyruvate to acetyl-CoA to citric acid/kreb’s cycle to O2 and ATP
what is the primary carb form used for ATP synthesis? and how it is available?
glucose; blood glucose, muscle/liver glycogen or diet
are amino acids a preferred energy source?
no
fatty acids are used as what in horseS?
energy sources; long and short chain (VFAs)
how does the horse get long chain fatty acids?
diet, intracellular stores, adipose tissue
how does the horse get short chain fatty acids (VFAs)
fermentation of carbs which are converted to glucose or long chain
what are the top 2 VFAs in the horse?
acetate and proprionate
explain negative, positive, and ideal energy balance
ideal: energy intake = energy expense
negative: energy intake is lower than energy expense (skinny)
positive: intake is more than expense (fat)
what is the primary source of energy in equine diets?
carbs
what is included in NDF and what is it inversely related to?
hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin; voluntary intake
what is included in ADF and what is it inversely related to?
cellulose and lignin; digestibility
name a few nonfiber carbs/ nonstructural carbs that are not included in NDF/ADF
sugars, fructan, starch, and pectin
what are the 3 main non-structural carbs and what do they store
sugars- grains
fructan- forages
starch- minor forage storage
how are non-structural carbs usually reported?
WSC + starch (sometimes ESC + starch)
enzymatic digestion of sugars and starches occur where?
small intestine
most glucose absorption occurs in what portion of the SI?
proximal
where is by-pass (or excess) starch fermented?
in hindgut by the microbes (this is bad can lead to decreased pH and increased anaerobic bacteria so more lactic acid and leads to founder/laminitis)
what is acetate used for?
energy and production of long chain fatty accids
what does propionate get used for?
glucose synthesis in the liver
what are the benefits of high forage diets?
lactating mares get a higher fat concentration in milk
increased water retention in the GI tract
increase in total GI tissue mass
after a horse eats a meal explain what happens to their blood glucose and how that is regulated?
after a meal the blood glucose will increase immediately, the pancreas secretes insulin and will regulate.
is blood glucose level stable in horses?
yes very
what happens to absorbed glucose that is not immediately required?
stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle tissue or can be utilized for fat synthesis
liver glycogen can be used for what?
broken down to provide glucose to other tissues
when can muscle glycogen stores be depleted?
high intensity exercise
