Carbohydrates Flashcards
Simplest Carbohydrates
glyceraldehyde
- brain is dependent to blank
- do not accumulate to muscle but with the help of insulin
- 2/3 blank in CNS
Glucose
name the reducing sugars
galactose, lactose, fructose, maltose and glucose
non-reducing sugar because it does not contain aldehyde or ketone
sucrose
how do glucose activate
negatively charge enol anion and double bond
generates carbohydrates
pancreas
secretes hormone, insulin, somatostatine, and glucagon
endocrine gland
produces and secretes amylase
exocrine gland
breaking down the injected carbohydrates
amylase
- hypoglycemic agent
- primary hormone upon entry of glucose
- only hormone that decreases glucose
- beta cells
insulin
falsely measured insulin serum
hemolyzed
- alpha cells
- hyperglycemic
- primary hormone that increases glucose
- catabolic functions
- promotes glycogenosis
glucagon
- zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
- promotes GLN and LP
Cortisol and Corticosteroids
- releases chromaffin cells in the adrenal medula
- inhibit insulin
- GLG & LP
Catecholamines
- secreted in the anterior pituitary gland
- decreases upon entry of glucose
- GLG & GLY
Growth Hormone
- GLG, GLN, intestinal absorption
Thyroid Hormone
- releases cortisol in adrenal cortex
- GLG & GLN
Adenocorticortrophic Hormone
- delta cells in pancreas
- synthesize in the paraventricular and arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus
- increase growth, insulin, glucagon, hormone
Somatostatine
generates pyruvic, lactic and acetyl on enzyme
glucose metabolism
- Increased blood glucose
- Toxic BETA cells
- Impairs insulin
Hyperglycemia
what is the FBS of hyperglycemia
greater than or equal to 186 ml per DL
Diagnostic of Hyperglycemia
- Increase urine, glucose, and plasma
- Increase urine specific gravity
- decrease urine and blood pH
- Presence of ketone in urine and plasma
- electrolyte imbalance
urine specific gravity of water and urine
water - 1.000 & urine 1.005 - 1.030
- decreased blood sugar
- alleviated glucose administration
- imbalance of glucose utilization and production
hypoglycemia
Diagnoses of hypoglycemia
- 5 hours of glucose tolerance test
- below 65-70 mg per DL
values of hypoglycemia that suggests hypoglycemia
equal or less than 60 ml per DL
values of HypoG that shows symptoms of HypoG
50 to 55 mg per DL
normal values of plasma glucose of MALE
55 to 60 mg per DL
ketones that help female healthy plasma glucose reduces from
40 mg per DL
it shows tremor, palpitation, anxiety and diaphoresis
neurogenic
it shows blurry vision, dizziness, behavioral changes, confusion and tingling
neuroglycopenic
insulin, alcohol, salicylates, sulfonamides, pentamidium
drug administration
cardial failure, renal failure, hepatic failure
critical illnesses
epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
hormonal deficiency
anti-bodies
autoimmune hypoglycemia
disorder in the pancreatic BETA cells
endogenous hyperinsulinism
leukemia, hepatoma, pheochromacytoma and lymphoma
non-BETA cells hypoglycemia
rye’s syndrome and galactocemia
Hypoglycemia of infant and childhood
post-gastric surgery
alimentaria hypoglycemia
episodes of hypoglycemia every 1 to 4 hours after meal
idiopathic postprandial hypoglycemia
