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Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Simplest Carbohydrates

A

glyceraldehyde

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2
Q
  • brain is dependent to blank
  • do not accumulate to muscle but with the help of insulin
  • 2/3 blank in CNS
A

Glucose

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3
Q

name the reducing sugars

A

galactose, lactose, fructose, maltose and glucose

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4
Q

non-reducing sugar because it does not contain aldehyde or ketone

A

sucrose

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5
Q

how do glucose activate

A

negatively charge enol anion and double bond

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6
Q

generates carbohydrates

A

pancreas

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7
Q

secretes hormone, insulin, somatostatine, and glucagon

A

endocrine gland

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8
Q

produces and secretes amylase

A

exocrine gland

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9
Q

breaking down the injected carbohydrates

A

amylase

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10
Q
  • hypoglycemic agent
  • primary hormone upon entry of glucose
  • only hormone that decreases glucose
  • beta cells
A

insulin

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11
Q

falsely measured insulin serum

A

hemolyzed

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12
Q
  • alpha cells
  • hyperglycemic
  • primary hormone that increases glucose
  • catabolic functions
  • promotes glycogenosis
A

glucagon

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13
Q
  • zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

- promotes GLN and LP

A

Cortisol and Corticosteroids

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14
Q
  • releases chromaffin cells in the adrenal medula
  • inhibit insulin
  • GLG & LP
A

Catecholamines

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15
Q
  • secreted in the anterior pituitary gland
  • decreases upon entry of glucose
  • GLG & GLY
A

Growth Hormone

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16
Q
  • GLG, GLN, intestinal absorption
A

Thyroid Hormone

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17
Q
  • releases cortisol in adrenal cortex

- GLG & GLN

A

Adenocorticortrophic Hormone

18
Q
  • delta cells in pancreas
  • synthesize in the paraventricular and arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus
  • increase growth, insulin, glucagon, hormone
A

Somatostatine

19
Q

generates pyruvic, lactic and acetyl on enzyme

A

glucose metabolism

20
Q
  • Increased blood glucose
  • Toxic BETA cells
  • Impairs insulin
A

Hyperglycemia

21
Q

what is the FBS of hyperglycemia

A

greater than or equal to 186 ml per DL

22
Q

Diagnostic of Hyperglycemia

A
  • Increase urine, glucose, and plasma
  • Increase urine specific gravity
  • decrease urine and blood pH
  • Presence of ketone in urine and plasma
  • electrolyte imbalance
23
Q

urine specific gravity of water and urine

A

water - 1.000 & urine 1.005 - 1.030

24
Q
  • decreased blood sugar
  • alleviated glucose administration
  • imbalance of glucose utilization and production
A

hypoglycemia

25
Q

Diagnoses of hypoglycemia

A
  • 5 hours of glucose tolerance test

- below 65-70 mg per DL

26
Q

values of hypoglycemia that suggests hypoglycemia

A

equal or less than 60 ml per DL

27
Q

values of HypoG that shows symptoms of HypoG

A

50 to 55 mg per DL

28
Q

normal values of plasma glucose of MALE

A

55 to 60 mg per DL

29
Q

ketones that help female healthy plasma glucose reduces from

A

40 mg per DL

30
Q

it shows tremor, palpitation, anxiety and diaphoresis

A

neurogenic

31
Q

it shows blurry vision, dizziness, behavioral changes, confusion and tingling

A

neuroglycopenic

32
Q

insulin, alcohol, salicylates, sulfonamides, pentamidium

A

drug administration

33
Q

cardial failure, renal failure, hepatic failure

A

critical illnesses

34
Q

epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol

A

hormonal deficiency

35
Q

anti-bodies

A

autoimmune hypoglycemia

36
Q

disorder in the pancreatic BETA cells

A

endogenous hyperinsulinism

37
Q

leukemia, hepatoma, pheochromacytoma and lymphoma

A

non-BETA cells hypoglycemia

38
Q

rye’s syndrome and galactocemia

A

Hypoglycemia of infant and childhood

39
Q

post-gastric surgery

A

alimentaria hypoglycemia

40
Q

episodes of hypoglycemia every 1 to 4 hours after meal

A

idiopathic postprandial hypoglycemia

Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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