Carbohydrate 11-4-13 Flashcards
(sucrose/lactose/maltose/isomaltose)
glucose + fructose (table sugar)
sucrose
(sucrose/lactose/maltose/isomaltose)
-galactose + glucose (milk & dairy products)
lactose
(sucrose/lactose/maltose/isomaltose)
glucose + glucose
maltose, and isomaltose
monosaccharide has (4/5) asymmetic carbons
4
(D/L) enantiomer is when asymmetric C
farthest from carbonyl has OH on left
L
(D/L) enantiomer is when asymmetric C
farthest from carbonyl has OH on right
D
(epimers/enantiomers)different configuration around a single asymmetric carbon
epimers
what is a asymmetic carbon ?
has different chemical groups
(amylose/amylopectin) unbranched a(1,4) bonds between glucose
amylose
(amylose/amylopectin) branched, a(1,4) & a(1,6) bonds between glucose
amyloptectin
Both starch and glucogen have (D/L) glucose polymrs
D
hihgly branched molecule (increases/decrease) solubility
increases
Cellulose uses (beta/alpha)glycosidic bonds
beta
why is cellulose not digestible for human enzymes?
because they have beta glyosidic bonds
(mehcanical/chemical)cleavage of glycosidic bonds by glycosidases
chemical
(mehcanical/chemical) chewing & mixing of foods
mechanical
both salivary and pancreatic digestion uses (alpha-amylase/amylose)
alpha-amylase
(alpha-amylase/brush order disaccharidases in intesinal mucosa) cleave glucose a(1,6) glucose bonds
brush order disaccharidases
(alpha-amylase/brush order disaccharidases) cleaves glucose a(1,4) glucose bonds only
alpha-amylase
name the three sugars that are taken up and distributes to organs and into cells–
glucose, fructose, galactose
(brush border/ brush border disaccharidases) lumenal surface of intestinal mucosal cells
brush border
name the 4 properties of monosaccharide transporters
- specificity
- affinity
- capacity
- hormonal regulation
T/F Tissue-specific distribution of transporters reflects physiological needs of organ/ tissue for glucose utilization
T
- basal glucose uptake
- insulin-dependent uptake
- high-capacity glucose uptake
- Na+-dependent cotransporters
(constant supply @ both high & low blood glucose)
basal glucose uptake
- basal glucose uptake
- insulin-dependent uptake
- high-capacity glucose uptake
- Na+-dependent cotransporters
(important in fed state during insulin signaling to lower blood glucose levels)
-insulin-dependent uptake
- basal glucose uptake
- insulin-dependent uptake
- high-capacity glucose uptake
- Na+-dependent cotransporters
to equilibrate intracellular with blood glucose levels in fed state in glucose-sensing organs
-high-capacity glucose uptake
- basal glucose uptake
- insulin-dependent uptake
- high-capacity glucose uptake
- Na+-dependent cotransporters
(ATP required) for complete absorption of glucose from GI to circulation (low glu=> high glu)
-Na+-dependent cotransporters
liver and ___- are glucose sensor
pancreas
(Na+/K+) is the dependent co-transporter, important for absoption of glucose in SI
NA+
3 Na+ OUT & (3/2) K+ IN
–Na+/K+ ATPase
2
3 Na+ (OUT/IN) & 2 K+ (IN/OUT)
out, in
GLUT (2/3/1/4)
1) )Sensors of blood glucose levels
2) Signal for FED state
GLUT 2
GLUT (2/3/1/4)
1) Preferential uptake in FED state
2) Return blood glucose levels to normal
GLUT 4
GLUT (2/3/1/4)
Continuous uptake (FED & FASTING)
Uptake @ low [blood glucose]
GLUT 3,1
T/F
SGLUT1
Glucose, galactose co-transporter with Na+ (same direction); Uptake of sugar from lumen of SI against gradient
T
Targeting GLUT (1/3) inhibits BTIC growth and tumorigenic potential
Glut 3
Due to genetic defect (inherited) - Primary deficiency - Permanent effect (irreversible) - Early onset (infancy or childhood) is (congenital/acquired)
congenital
- Due to disease, injury or medication
- Secondary deficiency
- Transient/ temporary loss of activity (reversible)
- Adult onset
is (congenital/acquired)
acquired
(normal/deficient) > 1.7 mmol/L (30 mg/dL)
normal/deficient) < 1.1 mmol/L (20 mg/dL
normal, deficient
T/F lactase deficeincy can only be congenital
F can be congenital , or secondray due to intestinal disease
