cancer in childhood Flashcards
most common cancer in 0-14
leukaemia
omcogenes dominant or recessive
d
tumour suppressor genes d or r
r
brca, rb, tp53 are
TSG
what is Wilm’s tumour? Which syndrome do you need to remember?
nephroblastoma
Beckwith Wiedemann
what is interesting about wilm’s genetics
1/20 heritable
which gene most important in Wilm’s tumour
WT1
what does WT1 do
allows metanephric mesenchyme to differentiate into proper kidney cells
what do you need to be aware with in conditions like RB and Wilm’s tumour
even though it presents unilaterally, you have to check bilaterally
sign of RB
leukokoria (white pupil at back of eye)
where does RB originate
cone precursor cells
what transcription factor does RB bind to and what does that mean
E2F, inhibits transcription, therefore inhibits the cell cycle
why would you try not to use radiation with RB
increases chance of second cancer
neuroblastoma presents where
adrenal gland or sympathetic ganglia
neuroblastoma loves to metastasise where
liver
what is interesting about neuroblastoma 4S in infants
can spontaneously regress without any ytherapy
key genes in neuroblastoma? what are they
MYCN, ALK, PHOX2B - oncogenes
what is the strongest biomarker in neuroblastoma
MYC-N
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia presents withh
bruising - thrombocytopaenia
pallor and fatigue - anaemia
infection - neutropenia
what is leukaemia in children
expansion of immature, undifferentiated lymphoblasts
in children, 80% of children with ALL are … and … positive
CD10 and CD19
which is the most highly translocated gene known in ALL? where is it?
KMT2A, chromosome 11
which is the most common translocation in ALL
4;11
which muscle fibres are lost most in ageing
fast twitch
dopamine is the nt of…
chasing
reduction of ach in brain
memory decline
reduction of monoamines
sleep disorders, lack of motivation
what are monoamines
noradrenaline and dopaminea
lack of serotonin
depression
which are the only two hormones which go up with age
insulin and cortisol
why is DM2 a risk factor for dementia
certain cells in the hippocampus require insulin for glucose transport
what do sertoli cells look like
large, pale nucleus and nucleolus
what tumour resembles cut potato
seminoma
what are abnormal pap smear cells called and why
koilocytes - clear halo around the nucleus
describe the CIN grading
what is this characteristic feature of squamous cell cervical carcinoma
keratin pearls
what are the equivalent of seminomas - germ cell carcinomas in female
dysgerminoma
syphillis bug
treponema pallidum
