Cancer Flashcards
HER2
- breast cancer, adenocarcinoma of ovary, stomach, lung, and salivary gland
- aggressive
- transmembrane tyrosine kinase glycoprotein
- tx with trastuzumab
BCL-2
-oncogene that inhibits apoptosis
-follicular lymphomas
T(14;18) common
N-myc
- proto-oncogene on chromosome 2
- associated with neuroblastomas
Ras
-results in increased cell response to GF
Sis
- proto-oncogene encodes platelet derived GF
- overexpression= astrocytomas and osteosarcomas
Carcinoid Syndrome
- caused by metastatic carcinoid tumor
- liver common site
- avoids first pass metabolism
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
-ALL: most common pediatric malignancy, fever, fatigue, fallor, petechiae, bleeding, both contain TdT (antigen of lymphocyte precursors)
-T-ALL: large anterior mediastinal mass that compresses superior vena cava and esophagus, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8
-B-ALL: 80% of cases, CD10, CD19, CD20
Common in pts with Down Syndrome
Multiple Myeloma
Gamma globulin peak on serum protein electrophoresis (M protein peak) (overproduced monoclonal immunoglobulin)
Anemia (weakness)
Lytic bone lesions- causes inc. IL1 and TNFa, IL1 activates osteoclasts, and inc. serum Ca
Renal Insufficiency
Bence Jones proteins in urine
Fas
Acts to initiate the extrinsic pathway to apoptosis (esp of auto reactive lymphocytes, which can lead to SLE).
Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
Gastrin secreting tumors (gastromas) in small intestine or pancreas. Pts present with peptic ulcers (beyond duodenal bulb), abdominal pain/acid reflux, and diarrhea. Associated w/ multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.
Anaplastic
Completely undifferentiated tumor cells. Often giant.
Sturge Weber
- port wine stain
- seizures
- retardation
- meninges has angiomatosis
- cutaneous facial angiomas
- skull may have tram track calcifications
Hemangioblastomas mean?
Von Hippel Lindau
Liver angiosarcoma associated with? (VAT)
- vinyl chloride
- arsenic
- thorotrast (radiology dye)
Hamartoma
-benign tissue growth
Auer Rods
*highly suggest acute myelogenous leukemia t(15;17)
BRAF
Seen in most melanoma. Protein kinase mutation.
APC
- tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell growth/adhesion
- found in pts with familial adenomatous polyposis and pts with sporadic colorectal carcinoma
Peutx Jeghers
- hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome
- AD
- benign harmartomatous polyps in GI tract
- hyperpigmented macules on lips and mucosa
Metalloproteinases
- zinc containing enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix
- involved in tumor invasion through basement membrane and connective tissue
CA 19-9
-tumor marker for pancreatic cancer
CA 125
-tumor marker for ovarian cancer
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
-tumor marker for GI cancer (ei colorectal)
What growth factors are involved in angiogenesis?
VEGF and fibroblast growth factor
What type of receptor is HER2/NEU?
Tyrosine Kinase Receptor
GFAP
Tumor marker for cells of glial origin.
Synaptophysin
Tumor marker for cells of neurons, neuroendocrine, and neuroectodermal tumors.
Cancers that are caused by JAK2 mutations.
- Polycythemia Vera
- Essential Thrombocytosis
- Primary Myelofibrosis
Lynch Syndrome
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Often associated with MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, or PMS1 mutations. Also can cause endometrial and ovarian cancer. AD
What type of cancer has cigar shaped cells?
-leiomyosarcoma
What causes cachexia in cancer patients?
- the cytokine effect
- TNFa (tumor necrosis factor, duh)
Trousseau’s Syndrome
- migratory thrombophlebitis that should raise suspicion for cancer
- hypercoagulability leading to migrating blood clot formation
- don’t confuse with Trousseau’s sign which is hand spasms due to hypocalcemia
Neuroblastoma
- mean age 2 yrs
- solid sheets of small cells (small, round, blue)
- retroperitoneal mass, HTN, weight loss
- inc. catecholamines in urine
- N-myc amplification
- associated with opsoclonus-myoclonus
- most common extracranial neoplasm of children
Wilms Tumor
- children 2-4
- palpable flank mass
- resembles primitive metanephric tissue
- nephroblastoma
S100
Schwannoma
Risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?
- alcohol use
- tobacco
- consumption of N-nitroso containing foods
Risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma?
- Barrett’s esophagous
- gastroesophageal reflux
- obesity
- tobacco
Follicular Lymphoma
- most common indolent non-hodgkin lymphoma in adults
- B cell origin
- painless waxing and waining lymphadenopathy
- t(14;18) > bcl2 oncogene overexpression
Liver Angiosarcoma
-carcinogen related neoplasm composed of cells that express CD31, which is PECAM.
Tuberous Sclerosis
- causes kidney, liver, and pancreatic cysts
- subependymal CNS hamartomas
- AD
- cutaneous angiofibromas
- seizures are major complication
What cancers cause psammoma bodies?
- meningioma
- papillary thyroid carcinoma
- mesothelioma
- papillary serous carcinoma of ovary and endometrium
Neoplastic Polyps
- villous adenomas are more likely to undergo malignant transformation than tubular adenomas
- serrated polyps are also neoplastic
- risk of malignancy inc. w/ size
- V for villian
VIPoma
- inc. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
- associated with MEN1
- profuse nonbloody, non mucoid diarrhea
- dehydration and electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis)
Paraganglioma
- may present as painless mass
- all contain neurosecretory granules
- chromogranin, synaphtophysin, neuron specific enolase positive
Cardiac Myxoma
- mesenchymal origin
- most common primary cardiac tumor of adults
- famous source of embolism
- commonly in L atrium
Rhabdomyoma
- most frequent primary cardiac tumor of children
- associated with tuberous sclerosis
Hairy Cell Leukemia
- indolent B cell neoplasm
- middle aged men
- causes fibrosis and bone marrow failure -> dry tap
- massive splenomegaly w/ spleen tip crossing midline
- pancytopenia
Signet Ring
- feature of signet ring carcinoma
- diffuse involvement of stomach wall due to loss of E-cadherin
- cause leather-bottle stomach (linitis plastica)
- 1 type of gastric adenocarcinoma
