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Step 1 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

HER2

A
  • breast cancer, adenocarcinoma of ovary, stomach, lung, and salivary gland
  • aggressive
  • transmembrane tyrosine kinase glycoprotein
  • tx with trastuzumab
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2
Q

BCL-2

A

-oncogene that inhibits apoptosis
-follicular lymphomas
T(14;18) common

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3
Q

N-myc

A
  • proto-oncogene on chromosome 2

- associated with neuroblastomas

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4
Q

Ras

A

-results in increased cell response to GF

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5
Q

Sis

A
  • proto-oncogene encodes platelet derived GF

- overexpression= astrocytomas and osteosarcomas

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6
Q

Carcinoid Syndrome

A
  • caused by metastatic carcinoid tumor
  • liver common site
  • avoids first pass metabolism
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7
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A

-ALL: most common pediatric malignancy, fever, fatigue, fallor, petechiae, bleeding, both contain TdT (antigen of lymphocyte precursors)
-T-ALL: large anterior mediastinal mass that compresses superior vena cava and esophagus, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8
-B-ALL: 80% of cases, CD10, CD19, CD20
Common in pts with Down Syndrome

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8
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Gamma globulin peak on serum protein electrophoresis (M protein peak) (overproduced monoclonal immunoglobulin)

Anemia (weakness)

Lytic bone lesions- causes inc. IL1 and TNFa, IL1 activates osteoclasts, and inc. serum Ca

Renal Insufficiency

Bence Jones proteins in urine

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9
Q

Fas

A

Acts to initiate the extrinsic pathway to apoptosis (esp of auto reactive lymphocytes, which can lead to SLE).

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10
Q

Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

A

Gastrin secreting tumors (gastromas) in small intestine or pancreas. Pts present with peptic ulcers (beyond duodenal bulb), abdominal pain/acid reflux, and diarrhea. Associated w/ multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

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11
Q

Anaplastic

A

Completely undifferentiated tumor cells. Often giant.

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12
Q

Sturge Weber

A
  • port wine stain
  • seizures
  • retardation
  • meninges has angiomatosis
  • cutaneous facial angiomas
  • skull may have tram track calcifications
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13
Q

Hemangioblastomas mean?

A

Von Hippel Lindau

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14
Q

Liver angiosarcoma associated with? (VAT)

A
  • vinyl chloride
  • arsenic
  • thorotrast (radiology dye)
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15
Q

Hamartoma

A

-benign tissue growth

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16
Q

Auer Rods

A

*highly suggest acute myelogenous leukemia t(15;17)

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17
Q

BRAF

A

Seen in most melanoma. Protein kinase mutation.

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18
Q

APC

A
  • tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell growth/adhesion

- found in pts with familial adenomatous polyposis and pts with sporadic colorectal carcinoma

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19
Q

Peutx Jeghers

A
  • hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome
  • AD
  • benign harmartomatous polyps in GI tract
  • hyperpigmented macules on lips and mucosa
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20
Q

Metalloproteinases

A
  • zinc containing enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix
  • involved in tumor invasion through basement membrane and connective tissue
21
Q

CA 19-9

A

-tumor marker for pancreatic cancer

22
Q

CA 125

A

-tumor marker for ovarian cancer

23
Q

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

A

-tumor marker for GI cancer (ei colorectal)

24
Q

What growth factors are involved in angiogenesis?

A

VEGF and fibroblast growth factor

25
Q

What type of receptor is HER2/NEU?

A

Tyrosine Kinase Receptor

26
Q

GFAP

A

Tumor marker for cells of glial origin.

27
Q

Synaptophysin

A

Tumor marker for cells of neurons, neuroendocrine, and neuroectodermal tumors.

28
Q

Cancers that are caused by JAK2 mutations.

A
  1. Polycythemia Vera
  2. Essential Thrombocytosis
  3. Primary Myelofibrosis
29
Q

Lynch Syndrome

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Often associated with MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, or PMS1 mutations. Also can cause endometrial and ovarian cancer. AD

30
Q

What type of cancer has cigar shaped cells?

A

-leiomyosarcoma

31
Q

What causes cachexia in cancer patients?

A
  • the cytokine effect

- TNFa (tumor necrosis factor, duh)

32
Q

Trousseau’s Syndrome

A
  • migratory thrombophlebitis that should raise suspicion for cancer
  • hypercoagulability leading to migrating blood clot formation
  • don’t confuse with Trousseau’s sign which is hand spasms due to hypocalcemia
33
Q

Neuroblastoma

A
  • mean age 2 yrs
  • solid sheets of small cells (small, round, blue)
  • retroperitoneal mass, HTN, weight loss
  • inc. catecholamines in urine
  • N-myc amplification
  • associated with opsoclonus-myoclonus
  • most common extracranial neoplasm of children
34
Q

Wilms Tumor

A
  • children 2-4
  • palpable flank mass
  • resembles primitive metanephric tissue
  • nephroblastoma
35
Q

S100

A

Schwannoma

36
Q

Risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?

A
  • alcohol use
  • tobacco
  • consumption of N-nitroso containing foods
37
Q

Risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma?

A
  • Barrett’s esophagous
  • gastroesophageal reflux
  • obesity
  • tobacco
38
Q

Follicular Lymphoma

A
  • most common indolent non-hodgkin lymphoma in adults
  • B cell origin
  • painless waxing and waining lymphadenopathy
  • t(14;18) > bcl2 oncogene overexpression
39
Q

Liver Angiosarcoma

A

-carcinogen related neoplasm composed of cells that express CD31, which is PECAM.

40
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis

A
  • causes kidney, liver, and pancreatic cysts
  • subependymal CNS hamartomas
  • AD
  • cutaneous angiofibromas
  • seizures are major complication
41
Q

What cancers cause psammoma bodies?

A
  • meningioma
  • papillary thyroid carcinoma
  • mesothelioma
  • papillary serous carcinoma of ovary and endometrium
42
Q

Neoplastic Polyps

A
  • villous adenomas are more likely to undergo malignant transformation than tubular adenomas
  • serrated polyps are also neoplastic
  • risk of malignancy inc. w/ size
  • V for villian
43
Q

VIPoma

A
  • inc. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
  • associated with MEN1
  • profuse nonbloody, non mucoid diarrhea
  • dehydration and electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis)
44
Q

Paraganglioma

A
  • may present as painless mass
  • all contain neurosecretory granules
  • chromogranin, synaphtophysin, neuron specific enolase positive
45
Q

Cardiac Myxoma

A
  • mesenchymal origin
  • most common primary cardiac tumor of adults
  • famous source of embolism
  • commonly in L atrium
46
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A
  • most frequent primary cardiac tumor of children

- associated with tuberous sclerosis

47
Q

Hairy Cell Leukemia

A
  • indolent B cell neoplasm
  • middle aged men
  • causes fibrosis and bone marrow failure -> dry tap
  • massive splenomegaly w/ spleen tip crossing midline
  • pancytopenia
48
Q

Signet Ring

A
  • feature of signet ring carcinoma
  • diffuse involvement of stomach wall due to loss of E-cadherin
  • cause leather-bottle stomach (linitis plastica)
  • 1 type of gastric adenocarcinoma

Step 1 (23 decks)

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