CABS 1000ft View

Question 1

Where is the base of the heart pointing toward?

Answer 1

The right shoulder

Question 2

Where is the point of the apex pointing toward?

Answer 2

The left hip

Question 3

What is the finding of mediastinal widening on chest x-ray?

Answer 3

Aortic Dissection until proven otherwise - aorta is widening

Question 4

What is adhered to the heart, smooth, transparent and slipper of the heart?

Answer 4

Epicardium

Question 5

What layer of the pericardium is the outermost aspect and helps anchor to surrounding structures?

Answer 5

Parietal layer

Question 6

What is the endocardium layer?

Answer 6

Thin connective tissue lining the inner aspect of the heart, smooth lining for the chambers and valves

Question 7

What is the plateau phase in cellular contraction?

Answer 7

Prolonged depolarization - Phase 2 (heart doesn’t contract)

Question 8

Are cardiac muscle cells striated?

Answer 8

Yes, but a lot slower than skeletal muscle

Question 9

What within cardiac muscle cells allow for more rapid and equal depolarization?

Answer 9

Increased T-Tubules (compared to skeletal cells) which allow Na+/K+ more readily depolarizes and Ca+ induces muscular contraction

Question 10

What electrolytes allow for depolarization?

Answer 10

Na+/K+

Question 11

What protein is the indicator of cardiac ischemia?

Answer 11

Troponin- during ischemic events this protein is released and detected in the blood (takes 3 hours)

Question 12

What are the two labs that are cardiac specific for troponin in ischemic events?

Answer 12

cTnT (Troponin T)- elevated for 7-10 days
cTnI (Troponin I) - elevated for 10-14 days

Question 13

Which valves are thicker, pulmonary or aortic valves?

Answer 13

Pulmonary

Question 14

What valves are the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 14

Tricusped valve
Mitral valve (bicusped)

Question 15

What valves are the semilunar valves?

Answer 15

Pulmonic valve
Aortic valve

Question 16

What is the role of the chordae tendinaea?

Answer 16

Attache the AV valves which anchor the muscle to the ventricular walls papillary muscles - prevents backflow

Question 17

Where is the SA node?

Answer 17

Right atria

Question 18

When is rapid filling of the ventricles due to pressure changes occurring during diastole?

Answer 18

First 1/3rd of diastole

Question 19

What is occurring in the middle 1/3rd of diastole?

Answer 19

Passive filling from venous flow through the atria

Question 20

When does atrial kick occur?

Answer 20

Last 1/3rd of diastole

Question 21

What valves are open during systole?

Answer 21

Pulmonic and aortic valves (semilunar valves)

Tricuspid and Mitral are closed

Question 22

What vessel type has a majority of blood?

Answer 22

Capillaries

Question 23

What is preload?

Answer 23

Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (end diastolic pressure)

Question 24

What is afterload?

Answer 24

Resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

Question 25

What is occurring at the sound of “lub”?

Answer 25

S1: AV valve close and systole begins

Question 26

What is the cause of pathological splitting of S1?

Answer 26

AV valves do not close simultaneously

Question 27

What is occurring when you are listening to splitting of S2?

Answer 27

Normal during inspiration

Question 28

What protein can be falsely elevated in patients with renal failure?

Answer 28

Troponin

Question 29

When do you order a troponin level?

Answer 29

Chest pain concerning for ACS
Cardiac strain
Congestive heart failure

Question 30

What is a BNP?

Answer 30

B-type natriuretic peptide

Correlates rate of elevation with degree of heart failure

Will be elevated with hypertension, CHF, atherosclerosis

Question 31

The Tricuspid valve opens when atrial pressures are _______ than ventricular

Answer 31

Greater

Question 32

The Tricuspid valve closes when ventricular pressures are _______ than atrial

Answer 32

Greater

Question 33

The right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the ​

Answer 33

Right Atria