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Y2 MicroB > CA1 TYS Learning Points > Flashcards

CA1 TYS Learning Points Flashcards

1
Q

Metagenomic analysis of oral flora involves:

A

Next generation high throughput sequencing of DNA

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2
Q

Large droplets travel within the distance of

A

1m

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3
Q

How is chicken pox spread?

A
  • airborne (respiratory droplets)
  • direct contact w lesions, saliva, blisters, mucus
  • appears in 10-21 days of infection (aka length that u need to monitor aft exposure)
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4
Q

Gram +ve bacteria appear gram -ve after awhile if..

A

Too much ethanol is applied (eventually, decolourisation of thick peptidoglycan layer, cuz usually they retain the purple stain aka. Gram complex)

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5
Q

Which hepatitis virus is an RNA virus, not common in general pop, but common in needle users and haemodialysis patients & causes liver disease.

A

Hep C

  • transmitted by infected blood & sex
  • usually found in developing countries
  • asymptomatic
  • no vaccine
  • persistent & chronic
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6
Q

What is the most associated lesion in early HIV

A

Cervical lymphadenopathy (Abnormal enlargement of lymph nodes in head and neck)
(Acute HIV infection = fever, rash)

  • HIV blood count highest at the start (acute infection)
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7
Q

Nurse gets contact w px w chicken pox, no VZV vaccine, must monitor for how long?

A

10-21 days (thats how long it takes to see first signs of chicken pox

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8
Q

Blood spill, what agent to clean up? (Fast acting on virus)

A

Hypochlorite (Bleach)

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9
Q

What are the most contagious antigens of hep B?

A
  1. HepB surface antigens (HBsAg)
  2. HepB E antigens (HBeAg)
  • i think the HBV DNA & HBcAg is also highly infective and contagious
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10
Q

First colonisers after tooth eruption are?

A

Streptococci

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11
Q

After baby is born, which organism dominates first?

A

Streptococci

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12
Q

Selective IgA deficiency leads to..

A

Sinusitis (inflammation of sinus lining

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13
Q

Bronchiolitis in infants is likely to be caused by

A

RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)

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14
Q

How long does it take for acute infection of fever and rash to show aft HIV infection?

A

1-6 weeks

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15
Q

You are most likely to get HIV

A
  • blood contact!!
  • bitten w blood in saliva > needle stick injury
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16
Q

Most likely to get hepatitis when..

A

U r an injecting drug user> sex or needle stick injury

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17
Q

Bee sting resulting in swollen face, severe hypotension. Mediated by which antigen?

A

IgE. (Hypersensitivity)

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18
Q

Mouth palatal vesicle lesions w that specific picture.. (pic shows red dots on palate)

A

Coxsackie (HFMD)

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19
Q

Analysis of microbial flora in oral cavity, what is the best to analyse?

A

16s ribosomal RNA

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20
Q

We have live attenuated vaccines for..

A
  1. Measles (paramyxovirus)
  2. Influenza (change in HA & N to match seasonal change)
  3. VZV (chicken pox)
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21
Q

A boy gets fever, rash, diagnosed w chicken pox. Which antibody association?

A

IgM (cuz primary infection)

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22
Q

New generations of vaccines must include what in order for an effective influenza vaccine?

A

Envelope glycoproteins.

Two glycoproteins on the surface of influenza virus, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, play a prominent role in the process of influenza virus infection and release.

  • HA & N
  • is the thing that changes with the strain!
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23
Q

Fever, increased gram -ve bacteremia and increased eosinophilila, test for what?

A

Gut parasite

Parasitic infection involves:
- mast cells, basophils, eosinophils

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24
Q

Intra epithelial lymphocyte is primarily

A

CD8 T cell (cytotoxic)

Intra-epithelial lymphocytes: lymphocytes found in the epithelial layer of mucosa

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25
Q

Womans nose is blocked, cannot breathe, unexplained breathing. Doctor does a biopsy bcuz he suspects which virus?

A

EBV (prolly cuz nasopharyngeal carcinoma)

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26
Q

Pathogen causing opportunistic infections come most commonly from which reservoir

A

Patient’s own commensal flora

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27
Q

What part of bacteria prevents attachment to surface by immune cells, and is a major virulence factor?

A

Polysaccharide capsule

  • protects bacteria from phagocytosis
  • prevent Ab entry
  • prevent immune cell attachment
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28
Q

Virus injected into B cells causes immortality. What virus is this?

A

EBV

29
Q

What can be spread ard by aerosols?

A

Chicken pox

(Not influenza! I think chickenpox spreads better than influenza airborne thats why.. influenza is through large droplets)

30
Q

A child had dengue 3 days ago, which immunoglobulin will be high?

A

IgM

31
Q

Which cell type is cytotoxic and is a part of innate immunity/wo need for adaptive immunity response?

A

NK cells
- induces apoptosis of virus-infected & tumour cells

32
Q

What size shd the membrane pores of the filter be to remove bacteria without removing virus?

A

0.4 microns

33
Q

Successful HIV treatment due to improvements in HAART leads to increase in incidence of what syndrome?

A

Oral warts

HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) (suppresses HIV viral replication)
- increases incidence of oral papilloma (warts)
- decreases incidence of hairy leukoplakia & kaposi sarcoma

34
Q

Experimental vaccine against which bacteria can prevent caries?

A

S. Mutans/Streptococcus Mutans

35
Q

Relatively clean surface, kills viruses fast:

A

Iodine povidone

36
Q

Creutz Jakob disease causes neurological degeneration. What is this pathogen made up of?

A

Prions (proteins)

37
Q

Bowie dick tape test, what does it test for?

A

Sufficient steam gravity
- ensure air properly removed => ensure steam penetration
- is the zebra patterned tape

38
Q

MALDI-TOF detects what?

A

Protein and peptides (purpose is to identify bacteria)

  • issa mass spectrometry method to test for molecular markers
39
Q

Bacterial resistance genes can be transferred to another bacteria via conjugation. This is a property of what?

A

Plasmids

40
Q

Tongue papillae has low redox potential, what organism’s growth is supported in this environment?

A

Anaerobes

Low redox potential: more anaerobic and reduced conditions

41
Q

Relatively clean surface can use what type of disinfectant to clean, and can achieve fast antiviral action?

A

Povidone iodine

42
Q

Intravenous fluid contaminated by which substance found in bacterial cells can result in signs and symptoms of septic shock, even if no viable bacteria are found?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

  • endotoxin that is present only in gram -ve cell walls
43
Q

Removal of which organ causes increased risk of infection by encapsulated bacteria like Strep pneumoniae?

A

Spleen

44
Q

Vaccinate against what virus can reduce risk of cancer?

A

HPV

45
Q

Virus that causes jaundice, and is transmitted mainly by contaminated food and water and unhygienic environment.

A

Hep A

46
Q

One of the COVID extrapulmonary symptoms is..

A

Loss of smell

Extrapulmonary means outside of lungs

47
Q

Healthy patient gets severe pneumonia, what virus likely caused it?

A

Adenovirus

48
Q

Patient with fever and cough for 3 days being tested for covid-19. Which lab test would be the best and most accurate?

A

Nasopharyngeal swab with PCR

49
Q

N95 is needed to protect healthcare professionals against contagious respiratory illness spread by aerosol. Why is it called N95?

A

Prevents 95% of particles of 0.3 microns

50
Q

Hep B vaccine causes the body to have pre-formed antibodies. What do these antibodies do when the person gets the virus later in life, which helps to prevent the disease?

A

Prevents virus from binding to receptor

51
Q

HIV gp120 glycoprotein binds to which receptor on host?

A

CD4 receptor (helper T cells)

52
Q

Which virus is of a different structure in terms of genetic material and structure?

A. Hep B
B. Enterovirus
C. Hep A
D. Polio
E. Coxsackie A

A

A. Hep B (is DNA)
B. Enterovirus
C. Hep A
D. Polio
E. Coxsackie A

  • the rest are ssRNA
53
Q

Influenza virus requires yearly vaccination bcuz of..

A

Antigenic drift
- seasonal change of antigenicity
- accumulation of a series of minor RNA genetic mutations (change in HA & N) (is the same virus)

54
Q

HIV: how long can a patient last until opportunistic infections first start to appear, assuming no treatment was undertaken?

A

1-10yrs

55
Q

Which structure does gram -ve bacteria have more than gram +ve bacteria?

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

56
Q

What virus most commonly causes post-transplant organ rejection and fatal pneumonia

A

CMV

57
Q

Virus that causes HFMD?

A

Enterovirus, coxsackie

58
Q

Cytotoxic T cells release what to kill?

A

Perforin & granzyme

59
Q

Which of the following presents antigens to immune cells of the body?

A

Dendritic cells

60
Q

Which bacteria in the oral cavity is responsible for the most cariogenic exopolysaccharide layer?

A

Strep mutans

61
Q

What viruses are truly airborne?

A
  • chicken pox
  • measles, mumps
  • mycobacteria TB

(All spread thru respiratory droplet nuclei, influenza only spread via large droplets)

62
Q

When a person sneezes, most of the large respiratory droplets settle how far away?

A

1m

63
Q

A child suffers a fever and has vesicles at the back of the throat. Which virus is the most likely?

A

Enterovirus

64
Q

What are the steps in a gram -ve staining?

A
  1. Crystal violet
  2. Lugol iodine
  3. Decolourise
  4. Safranin counterstain
65
Q

Packaged goods can be sterilised by..

A

Steam penetration
- test using bowie dick tape test

66
Q

Gram-negative sepsis leading to end-organ failure occurs due to:

A

Increased vascular permeability (& excessive blood vessel dilation)
- cuz of LPS, which can still cause septic shock even when bacteria is dead
- end-organ failure, death

67
Q

How do we test/sample whether polio is still ard in the environment?

A

Test sewage.

68
Q

Which of the antibodies is formed as pentamer?

A

IgM

Y2 MicroB (25 decks)

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