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Chemistry > C3 Structure And Change Of States > Flashcards

C3 Structure And Change Of States Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ion?

When are they made?

A

A particle which has a charge

They can either be atoms or groups of atoms

They are made when there has been a transfer of electrons

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2
Q

Why do atoms try and tranfer electrons?

A

To create a full outer shell to become a nobel gas because it makes them more stable

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3
Q

What happens when an metal forms an ion?

A

They loose an electron from there outer shell to form positive ions

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4
Q

What happens when a non metal forms an ion?

A

They gain electrons in ther outer shell to create a negative ion

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5
Q

Which elements are the most likely to form ions?

A

Elements in groups: 1,2,6,7

Group 1 and 2 elements are metal and loose electrons to form positive ions (cations)

Group 6,7 elements are non metals and they gain electons and form negative ions (anions)

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6
Q

What are the 3 allotrops of carbon which you need to know?

A

Diamond

Graphite

Silicon dioxide

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7
Q

Describe diamonds?

A

Made of carbon

Each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms

It is a very rigid giant covalent structure and very hard

The strong covalent bonds require a lot of energy to break so diamond has a very high boiling and melting point

It doesn’t conduct electricity because it has no delocalised electron

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8
Q

Describe graphite?

A

Made of carbon

Each carbon forms 3 covalent bonds to other carbon atoms. This creates sheets of graphite which are arranged in hexagons

There are no covalent binds between each later of graphite. The layers are held together by week bonds.

This makes graphite slipperly and soft becasue the layers easily break apart. This makes it a good lubricant

Graphite has a high melting and boiling point because the strong covalent bonds require a lot of energy to break

Because carbon only creates 3 covalent bonds it has an extra electron ehich is free to move around. This is a delocalise electron.

This means that graphite conducts electricity and thermal energy

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9
Q

What is graphene?

A

1 layer of graphite

It is 1 atom thick and it is therefor a 2D object

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10
Q

Describe graphene?

A

1 layer of graphite

Very light and is only 1 atom thick.

It is very strong as it has 3 covalent bonds from each carbon atom.

It can be added to other materials such as sport gear to add strength whilst keeping it light (cricket pads)

It has a delocalised electron so it can conduct electricity. This gives it the ability to be used in electronics in the future.

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11
Q

What is Buckministerfullerene?

A

The first fullerene to be descovered it has the formula C_60.

It is a sphere

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12
Q

What are fullerenes?

A

Molecules of carbon shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls

They are mainly made up of carbon atoms in a hexaginal pattern but they are some with pentagons or heptagons (7)

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13
Q

What can a fullerene be used for?

A

They can be a cage for other substances

This may be used to deliver other drugs into the body

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14
Q

What are some charatristics of fullerenes?

A

They have a large surface area therefore they can make a great industrial catalyst

They are a good lubricants

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15
Q

What can fullerenes form?

A

Nanotubes (tiny carbon cylinders)

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16
Q

What are some charatristics of nanotubes?

A

The ratio between length and diameter is large

They can conduct electricity and thermal energy

They have a high tensile strength (they don’t break when they stretch

17
Q

What is tecnology that uses nanotubes called?

A

Nanatechnology. They can be used in electrical devices OR to strengthen materials withought adding much weight to it. Eg sports equipment

18
Q

What are the 3 states of matter?

A

Solid

Liquid

Gas

19
Q

How do particles on a solid act?

A

There are STRONG FORCES OF ATTRACTION. they are in a FIXED position and are close together to form a REGULAR LATTICE ARRANGEMENT

they have a deffined shape and volume

The hotter a particle is the more it vibrates

20
Q

How do particles in a liquid act?

A

There are WEEKER forces of attraction

This means that they are randomly arranged and are free to move around each other although they tend to stick close to each other

They have a deffinit VOLUME but not a deffined SHAPE

They will flow to fill a container

They are constantly moving around with random motion

The hotter a liquid gets the faster it will move around

As a liquid gets hotter it expands a bit

21
Q

How do particles in a gas act?

A

They have very week forces of attraction

Thue are free to move and are far appart from each other

Gasses don’t have a deffined shape or volume but they will always will a container

Particles move constantly with constant random movement.

The hotter the gass is the faster the particles will move.

If heat increases a gass will either expand or their pressure increases

22
Q

What does (aq) mean?

A

Aqueous solution

It has been disolved in water

23
Q

What is the tranformation between a solid and liquid called?

A

Melting

24
Q

What is the transformation between liquid and gass called?

A

Boiling or evaporation

25
Q

What is the transformation from gas to liquid called?

A

Condensing

26
Q

What is the transformation from liquid solid called?

A

Freezing

27
Q

What happens when a liquid becomes a gas?

A

The energy going into the kinetic store of the liquid starts being transfered into the bonds between each liquid molecule.

Eventauly at the boiling point these bonds will break and the liquid will have become a gas

28
Q

When would a substance be a solid, liquid or gas at a certian temprature?

A

If the temprature is below the melting point of an substance then it will be a solid

If the temprature is above the boiling point of a substance then it will be a gas

If the temprature is inbetween the boiling and melting point of a substance then it will be a liquid

29
Q

When will a substance be a solid?

A

When it is at a temprature below it’s melting point

30
Q

When will the substance be a liquid?

A

When it is imbetween it’s boiling and melting points

31
Q

When will a substance be a gas?

A

When it is above it’s boiling point

32
Q

What happens the stronger the forces connecting aroms togehter are to effect it’s ability to boil…?

A

It will have a higher boiling point because it requires more energy to break the bonds

Chemistry (16 decks)

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