C3 Structure And Change Of States Flashcards
What is an ion?
When are they made?
A particle which has a charge
They can either be atoms or groups of atoms
They are made when there has been a transfer of electrons
Why do atoms try and tranfer electrons?
To create a full outer shell to become a nobel gas because it makes them more stable
What happens when an metal forms an ion?
They loose an electron from there outer shell to form positive ions
What happens when a non metal forms an ion?
They gain electrons in ther outer shell to create a negative ion
Which elements are the most likely to form ions?
Elements in groups: 1,2,6,7
Group 1 and 2 elements are metal and loose electrons to form positive ions (cations)
Group 6,7 elements are non metals and they gain electons and form negative ions (anions)
What are the 3 allotrops of carbon which you need to know?
Diamond
Graphite
Silicon dioxide
Describe diamonds?
Made of carbon
Each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms
It is a very rigid giant covalent structure and very hard
The strong covalent bonds require a lot of energy to break so diamond has a very high boiling and melting point
It doesn’t conduct electricity because it has no delocalised electron
Describe graphite?
Made of carbon
Each carbon forms 3 covalent bonds to other carbon atoms. This creates sheets of graphite which are arranged in hexagons
There are no covalent binds between each later of graphite. The layers are held together by week bonds.
This makes graphite slipperly and soft becasue the layers easily break apart. This makes it a good lubricant
Graphite has a high melting and boiling point because the strong covalent bonds require a lot of energy to break
Because carbon only creates 3 covalent bonds it has an extra electron ehich is free to move around. This is a delocalise electron.
This means that graphite conducts electricity and thermal energy
What is graphene?
1 layer of graphite
It is 1 atom thick and it is therefor a 2D object
Describe graphene?
1 layer of graphite
Very light and is only 1 atom thick.
It is very strong as it has 3 covalent bonds from each carbon atom.
It can be added to other materials such as sport gear to add strength whilst keeping it light (cricket pads)
It has a delocalised electron so it can conduct electricity. This gives it the ability to be used in electronics in the future.
What is Buckministerfullerene?
The first fullerene to be descovered it has the formula C_60.
It is a sphere
What are fullerenes?
Molecules of carbon shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls
They are mainly made up of carbon atoms in a hexaginal pattern but they are some with pentagons or heptagons (7)
What can a fullerene be used for?
They can be a cage for other substances
This may be used to deliver other drugs into the body
What are some charatristics of fullerenes?
They have a large surface area therefore they can make a great industrial catalyst
They are a good lubricants
What can fullerenes form?
Nanotubes (tiny carbon cylinders)
What are some charatristics of nanotubes?
The ratio between length and diameter is large
They can conduct electricity and thermal energy
They have a high tensile strength (they don’t break when they stretch
What is tecnology that uses nanotubes called?
Nanatechnology. They can be used in electrical devices OR to strengthen materials withought adding much weight to it. Eg sports equipment
What are the 3 states of matter?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
How do particles on a solid act?
There are STRONG FORCES OF ATTRACTION. they are in a FIXED position and are close together to form a REGULAR LATTICE ARRANGEMENT
they have a deffined shape and volume
The hotter a particle is the more it vibrates
How do particles in a liquid act?
There are WEEKER forces of attraction
This means that they are randomly arranged and are free to move around each other although they tend to stick close to each other
They have a deffinit VOLUME but not a deffined SHAPE
They will flow to fill a container
They are constantly moving around with random motion
The hotter a liquid gets the faster it will move around
As a liquid gets hotter it expands a bit
How do particles in a gas act?
They have very week forces of attraction
Thue are free to move and are far appart from each other
Gasses don’t have a deffined shape or volume but they will always will a container
Particles move constantly with constant random movement.
The hotter the gass is the faster the particles will move.
If heat increases a gass will either expand or their pressure increases
What does (aq) mean?
Aqueous solution
It has been disolved in water
What is the tranformation between a solid and liquid called?
Melting
What is the transformation between liquid and gass called?
Boiling or evaporation
What is the transformation from gas to liquid called?
Condensing
What is the transformation from liquid solid called?
Freezing
What happens when a liquid becomes a gas?
The energy going into the kinetic store of the liquid starts being transfered into the bonds between each liquid molecule.
Eventauly at the boiling point these bonds will break and the liquid will have become a gas
When would a substance be a solid, liquid or gas at a certian temprature?
If the temprature is below the melting point of an substance then it will be a solid
If the temprature is above the boiling point of a substance then it will be a gas
If the temprature is inbetween the boiling and melting point of a substance then it will be a liquid
When will a substance be a solid?
When it is at a temprature below it’s melting point
When will the substance be a liquid?
When it is imbetween it’s boiling and melting points
When will a substance be a gas?
When it is above it’s boiling point
What happens the stronger the forces connecting aroms togehter are to effect it’s ability to boil…?
It will have a higher boiling point because it requires more energy to break the bonds
