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IB Bio HL > C1.2 Respiration > Flashcards

C1.2 Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ATP

A

‘The energy currency in cells’ it is an immediate source of energy

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2
Q

facts about ATP

A
  • unstable
  • cannot move outside of cell (only within)
  • for synthesizing DNA proteins
  • pump (active transport) molecules or ions across membrane
  • move things around cells
  • (chromosomes, muscle fibres; produce concentration)
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3
Q

ATP structure description

A

adenine base of RNA, 3 phosphate groups

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4
Q

Anaerobic Respiration (yeast)

A

Glucose to Pyruvate to CO2 and Ethanol

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5
Q

How ATP work

A
  • once ATP used and energy released & dissipated as heat
  • need to be recharged via cell respiration
  • cell needs continuous supply of ATP
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5
Q

ATP specific mechanism

A
  • ATP nucleotide linked to three phosphate via high energy bond
  • breaking of phosphate group releases energy
  • ATP -> ADP + P
  • ADP is recharged back to ATP through respiration
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6
Q

Mechanism that turns ATP -> ADP

A

Hydrolysis + releases energy

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7
Q

Mechanism that turns ADP -> ATP

A

Condensatoion reaction

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8
Q

Measuring rate of respiration

A
  • respirometer
  • lime water and measure how cloudy it goes over time
  • gas syringe
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9
Q

Glycolisis (quick fats)

A
  • takes place in cytoplasm
  • complex set of reactions
  • Glucose makes 2 Pyruvates
  • Net gain of 2ATP
  • formation of NADH (reduced NAD)
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10
Q

How does Pyruvate move to the matrix

A

ATP pumps Pyruvate to matrix
* process spend ATP

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11
Q

What happens to the 2NADH produced from Glycolisis in the absence of oxygen

A
  • fermentation
  • NADH turns into NAD+
  • produces lactate (animals & humans)
  • ethanol + CO2 (yeast)
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12
Q

Glycolysis in detail

A
  • Use 2ATP to phosphorylate glucose => less stable
  • Phosphorylated glucose splits into two glyceraldehyde - 3- phosphate (G3P)
  • Each G3P is dehydrogenated and reduces NAD to NADH
  • generation of 2ATP from each G3P
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13
Q

Links Reaction (quick facts)

A
  • takes place in mitcochondrias matrix
  • 2 pyruvate forms 2 acetylCOA
  • 2NADH formed
  • CO2
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14
Q

Links reaction in detail

A
  • Pyruvate from glycolisis is oxidised and decarboxylated
  • In process CoA is added
  • NAD is oxidising agent and is reduced to NADH by gaining H
  • CO2 is produced as waste
  • Acetyl CoA is produced
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15
Q

Krebs Cycle quick facts

A
  • takes place in mitochondria matrix
  • acetyl coa is starting point
  • creates 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, 4 CO2 per molecule of glucose (for 2 acetyl coas)
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16
Q

Krebs cycle in detail

A
  1. Acetate (2C)from Acetyl coa binds with oxaloacetete(4C) to form citrate (6C)
  2. Remaining CoA goas back to link reaction
  3. Oxidative decarboxylation takes place 2x (6C->5C->4C) relasing 2CO2,2NADH, ATP
  4. Now 4Cmolecule reduces FAD to FADH
  5. Now 4C molecule reduces NAD to NADH
  6. Oxaloacetate is now reformed = cycle continues
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16
Q

ETC

A

Electron transport chain in which electrons are transferred across a series of proteins within the cell membrane and hydrogen protons are pumped to create a proton gradient

also called oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

ETC in detail

A
  1. Reduced NAD is delivered to the 1.Protein which splits it to NADH + H + 2e
  2. 2e are passed along electron carriers
  3. Electrons power the H+ ions being pumped across the membrane
  4. Reduced FAD (FADH2) works similarly but delievers to 2.Protein
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18
Q

ETC (quick facts)

A
  • happens in inner mitochondrial mebrane & intermembrane space
  • approx 34 ATP are generated
  • produces bwater as a waste product
  • 4 transmembrane proteins
  • 2 Electron carriers
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19
Q

What directions do H+ ions go in ETC

A

Mitochondrial matrix -> inner mitochondrial membrane -> Intermembrane Space

20
Q

Chemiosis mechanism

A
  • H+ only have one route bacj across the IMM as it is impermeable
  • through ATP synthase it rotates like a turbine
  • this generates energy to convert ADP to ATP
21
Q

Electrochemical Proton Gradient

A
  • pumping of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane creates a conc. gradient
  • since space is small; conc. gradient is high
  • gradient allows function of ATP synthase
  • approx. 3H+ are needed to convert each ADP to ATP
22
Q

Proton motive force

A

represents the force used for the flow of protons across the inner mitochondrial mebrane through chemiosis

22
Q

role of oxygen in ETC

A
  • electrons come from IV Protein
  • once the electrons pass along ETC => they need to go somewhere
  • O2 splits to form terminal electron acceptor
  • each oxzgen joins with 4e and 4H+ to form water molecules
  • happens in mitochondrial matrix
23
Q

What happens if there is no oxygen to accept electrons after chemiosis

A

NAD and FAD cannot be regenerated (usually the non reduced NAD and FAD can be recycled and reused)
* H2 carriers cannot transfer energised electrons to the chain and ATP production is halted

24
Q

Factors determining the amount of ATP that can be produced

A
  • availability of hydrogen; more H2 = more reduced NAD as an proton carrier
  • more ATP can be generated
25
Q

Respiratory substrate which produces most ATP

A

Lipids (have most hydrogens as they are long chained molecules)

1 Tryglyceride =460 ATP

26
Q

Lipids as respiratory substrates

A
  1. broken down into glycerol & 3 fatty acids
  2. glycerol used in glycolysis
  3. fatty acids are broken down into acetyl groups
  4. go to link reaction then Krebs cycle
27
Q

Proteins as respiratory substrates

A
  • hydrolysed into amino acids
  • einter in glycolysis, links reaction or krebs cycle
  • very harmful as it produces urea (poisoning)
  • only during starvation
28
Q

Anaerobic respiration in humans in detail

A
  • glucose breaks down in glycolysis into pyruvate
  • releases 2 ATP & 2NADH
  • pyruvate is reduced to lactate by NADH as enzyme
  • this oxideses NADH to NAD to take part in further glycolysis
28
Q

Aerobic respiration (quick facts)

A
  • in absence of oxygen#only glucose can beused as substrate
  • in cytoplasm
  • produces ATP & NAD per pyruvate
  • pyruvate is reduced to lactate
  • net gain of 38 ATP
29
Q

Aerobic respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

38 ATP

30
Q

Anaerobic respiration in humans equation

A

C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP

31
Q

Anaerobic Respiration in humans

A

partial breakdown of glucose to produce lactate and 2ATP + 2NADH

32
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • contains two membranes (inner and outer)
  • outer membrane is permeable to small ions and molecules (contains transfer proteins)
  • inner membrane is highly folded into cristae (valley)
  • matrix is inside & accumulates high conc. gradient
33
Q

NAD

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
* functions as co enzyme
* its ability to be reduced & oxidised allows it to perform the critical role of a hydrogen carrier

34
Q

Respirometer

A

simple devices which measure the rate of the respiration in organisms which respire aerobically

35
Q

Anaerobic Respiration in yeast word equation

A

Pyruvate -> Ethanal -> Ethanol

36
Q

Anaerobic respiration in yeast in detail

A
  1. Glucose (6C) will first break down into pyruvates -> releases 2 ATP
  2. Pyruvate is converted into ethanal by decarboxylation
  3. Ethanal -> Ethanol (reduced by NADH)
  4. This happens in the cytosol (liquid in cytoplasm)
  5. Ethanol & CO2 produced
36
Q

ATP -> ADP

A
  • hydrolysis reaction
  • add water
  • exergonic reaction (spontaneous reaction; bond making releases energy)
37
Q

ADP -> ATP

A
  • condensation reaction
  • removes water
  • endergonic reaction (spontaneous reaction which take sin energy)
  • phosphorylation
38
Q

Similarities between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A
  • both utilise glucose
  • both occur in cytoplasm
39
Q

difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

Aerobic
* oxygen
* mitochondria
* all molecules as substrates
* 36ATP
* H20 and O2

Aerobic
* no oxygen
* 2ATP
* lactate

40
Q

When does a reaction release energy

A

when it loses the ability to carry electrons

like ATP -> ADP, NADH->NAD

41
Q

Function of ATP synthase

A
  • protons build up in intermembrane space due to ETC
  • atp synthase utilises proton gradient as protons flow down concentration gradient
  • this catalyses formation of ATP
42
Q

Chemiosis & ETC

A
  • NAD reduced by gaining electrons
  • NADH & FADH2 produced in Krebs cycle
  • e carriers deliver electrons to ETC in inner mitochondrial membrane
  • electrons release energy as they travel through proteins (carriers)
  • proteins act as proton pumps
  • protons pumped from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space
  • generates proton gradient
  • protons move down their conc. gradient through ATP synthase
  • generates energy to catalyse/phosphorylate ADP to ATP
43
Q

role of coenzyme A

A

(CoA)
* binds to acetate and catalyses links reaction
* aids acetate group to enter Kreb’s cycle

44
Q

Which reaction is the sole linear metabolic pathway in respiration

A

glycolysis

45
Q

Where do the products of the ETC go? How does this relate to where the proton gradient is built?

A
  • products of ETC need to be used in Krebs Cycle => in mitochondrial matrix
  • protons are pumped into intermembrane space
  • protons move down conc. gradient through ATP synthase into mitochondrial matrix where they are used

IB Bio HL (10 decks)

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