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IB Bio HL > B2.2 Organelles & Compartmentalisation > Flashcards

B2.2 Organelles & Compartmentalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are organelles?

A

Structures that are separate subunits of cells and perform a specific function

Examples include the nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes.

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2
Q

What is compartmentalisation in cells?

A

The use of membranes to isolate certain parts of the cell from the rest to form separate organelles.

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3
Q

What is the function of phagocytic vacuoles and lysosomes in compartmentalisation?

A

They isolate toxic or damaging substances away from the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

What is the advantage of separating the nucleus and the cytoplasm?

A

It allows mRNA to be modified before it binds to the ribosome, ensuring functional proteins are produced.

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5
Q

What is the role of the mitochondrion?

A

A site of cellular respiration in which ATP is generated.

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6
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Bound ribosomes and free ribosomes.

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7
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Processes and packages proteins, ultimately releasing them in Golgi vesicles.

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8
Q

What is the function of vesicles in cells?

A

Transport and release substances produced by the cell by fusing with the cell membrane.

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9
Q

What is the role of clathrin in vesicle formation?

A

Facilitates the formation of vesicles and plays a role in endocytosis.

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10
Q

Where are membrane bound organisms found

A

eukaryotic cells only

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11
Q

Uses of compartmentalisation

A
  • pH maintanence
  • isolation of toxic/damaging substances
  • flexibility of changing number & position of organelles

Organelles can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, but membrane-bound organelles are exclusive to eukaryotic cells.

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12
Q

What are the components of the nuclear envelope?

A

Two membranes (inner and outer) with nuclear pores.

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13
Q

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

A

Contain hydrolytic enzymes to destroy microbes and old cellular organelles.

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14
Q

What is the main function of chloroplasts?

A

Responsible for photosynthesis.

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15
Q

List the three distinct compartmentalised areas of chloroplasts.

A
  • Intermembrane space
  • Stroma
  • Thylakoid space
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16
Q

What is the significance of the double membrane around the nucleus?

A

Provides a barrier to protect genetic material from damage.

17
Q

What are the two membranes of the mitochondria called?

A

Inner and outer membrane.

18
Q

What is the function of the thylakoids in chloroplasts?

A

Absorb light energy to generate ATP.

19
Q

Types of ribosomes

A

bound & free

20
Q

What is the main role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Producing and storing lipids, including steroids.

21
Q

Describe the role of the Golgi apparatus compartments.

A

Organized into cis, medial, and trans compartments for protein modification and packaging.
cis= receives protein
medial=further modification
trans= packages for secretion

22
Q

What is the significance of the cristae in mitochondria?

A

Increase the surface area for vital enzymes necessary for ATP production.

23
Q

What is the function of the stroma in chloroplasts?

A

Contains enzymes and substrates for the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.

24
Q

What is the role of clathrin in vesicle formation?

A

Protein that aids in the final stages of vesicle formation

Clathrin forms a coat around vesicles, facilitating their budding from membranes.

25
Q

Give an example of how macrophages use clathrin-mediated vesicles.

A

engulf and digest bacteria

This process is part of the immune response to pathogens.

26
Q

How does clathrin facilitate the formation of lysosomes?

A

vesicle trafficking from the trans-Golgi network to lysosomes

It forms clathrin-coated vesicles that transport enzymes like acid hydrolases.

27
Q

What is the significance of mannose-6-phosphate in lysosomal enzyme transport?

A

Mannose-6-phosphate-tagged enzymes are transported to lysosomes via clathrin-coated vesicles

This tagging is crucial for directing enzymes to their proper cellular locations.

28
Q

What are organelles?

A

Organelles are specialised structures in cells with specific functions

They contribute to the compartmentalisation and efficiency of cellular processes.

29
Q

What role does compartmentalisation play in cellular function?

A

allows development of specialised cell structures

It maximises efficiency by concentrating reactants and separating harmful chemicals.

30
Q

Which structures are not considered organelles?

A

Cytoskeleton, cell wall, and cytoplasm

Only membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions qualify as organelles.

31
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

Mitochondria produce ATP, while chloroplasts produce glucose

Both have folded membranes that increase surface area for efficient biochemical reactions.

32
Q

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

The ER is involved in protein synthesis and modification

It has rough ER with ribosomes for export proteins and smooth ER for lipid synthesis.

33
Q

What is the difference between bound and free ribosomes?

A

Bound = ribosomes produce proteins for export
Free =nribosomes produce proteins for use inside the cell

This distinction affects the destination and function of the synthesized proteins.

34
Q

What is the function of vesicles in cells?

A

Vesicles transport and store materials in the cell, including proteins, lipids, and RNA

They are crucial for intracellular transport and communication.

35
Q

What is the role of clathrin in the formation of vesicles?

A

Clathrin plays a key role in the formation of vesicles by coating them

=> brings together cytoskeleton

This coating is essential for vesicle budding from membranes.

36
Q

Transport of protein to RER

A
  1. instruction for hormone taken as mRNA from DNA
  2. mRNA leaves through nuclear pore -> attaches to RER’s ribosome
  3. Ribosom assembles hormone (reads mRNA)
  4. assembled protein piched off of RER in vesicle
  5. moves to golgi
  6. golgi packages protein in vesicle -> membrane

IB Bio HL (18 decks)

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