B1.1 (Carbohydrates) Flashcards
Elements carbon can bind to
hydrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen
Creation of Macromolecules
Monomers + Condensationreaction
Disaccharide
2 Glucose molecules
3 Hexose Sugars (Monosaccharides)
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Polysaccharide
multiple glucose molecules
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose –> Maltose
Properties of Glucose
- Glucose has 2 isomers
- Glucose is soluble
- Glucose is stable
- Glucose can be oxidised
Alpha Glucose
The cis-isomer of glucose whose hydroxyl group points downwards
Starch
The main energy storage in plants
* made up of amylose and amylopectin
* polymer
* made up of aplha glucose
Amylopectin
- highly branched & 3 dimensional
- glucose linked in 1,4 glycosidic bonds (occasional 1,6)
*major component of starch (80-85%)
Beta Glucose
The trans-isomer of glucose whose hydroxyl group points upwards on the right
Where is starch stored
seeds and roots
Amylose
- linear polysaccharide
- alpha glucose linked through 1,4 glycosidic bonds
- coiled structure (300-3000 glucose units)
Properties of starch
- insoluble as it is large in size –> maintains osmotic balance
- compact in structure for efficint storage
Glycogen
most branched polysaccharide that serves as the primary energy storage in humans
* more branched than starch
* made up of alpha glucose
Glycogen properties
- highly compact and coiled structure
- alpha glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds = backbone; 1,6 glycosidic bonds every 8 to 12 glucose unites - linear chains
- insoluble
has many free glucose terminals = easily built and broken = short term
cellulose
type of polysccharide made out of beta glucose that is a major structural component in plant walls
cellulose Microfibrils
they are made up of linear beta glucose chains which are held together by hydrogen bonds giving it tentile strength and rigid, sturdy structure
Glycoproteins
Proteins with one or more carbohydrates attached to them
Where you can find glycoproteins
cell membranes, secreted proteins, extracellular matrix
Roles of glycoproteins
- cell recognition due to markers on the surface of the cells
- receptors which receive signals from cells
- structural support of cells and tissue
How blood groups relate to glycoproteins
Blood groups are based on specific glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells (A & B Antigens)
How the trait of recognition in glycoproteins relates to blood groups
compatibility based on recognition & interaction of specific glycoproteins
=> when incompatible ones mix the immune system recognises them as forgeign molecules & attack
result of mixing incompatible blood groups
blot clotting, organ failure, death
meaning of ABO blood groups
AB= universal recepient; O= universal donor
What does the O blood group mean
absence of glycoprotein with antigens
sucrose
glucose + fructose –> sucrose
lactose
d glucose + d galactose –> lactose
Why amylase cannot break down amylopection
Amylase can only break down 1,4 glycosidic linkages but amylopection also has 1,6 glycosidic linkages which are broken down by another enzyme (Dextrinase)
Polysaccharide examples
- cellulose
- glycogen
- starch
