B1.1 (Carbohydrates)

Question 1

Elements carbon can bind to

Answer 1

hydrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen

Question 2

Creation of Macromolecules

Answer 2

Monomers + Condensationreaction

Question 3

Disaccharide

Answer 3

2 Glucose molecules

Question 4

3 Hexose Sugars (Monosaccharides)

Answer 4

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

Question 4

Polysaccharide

Answer 4

multiple glucose molecules

Question 4

Maltose

Answer 4

Glucose + Glucose –> Maltose

Question 4

Properties of Glucose

Answer 4

1. Glucose has 2 isomers
2. Glucose is soluble
3. Glucose is stable
4. Glucose can be oxidised

Question 4

Alpha Glucose

Answer 4

The cis-isomer of glucose whose hydroxyl group points downwards

Question 5

Starch

Answer 5

The main energy storage in plants
* made up of amylose and amylopectin
* polymer
* made up of aplha glucose

Question 6

Amylopectin

Answer 6

• highly branched & 3 dimensional
• glucose linked in 1,4 glycosidic bonds (occasional 1,6)
  *major component of starch (80-85%)

Question 6

Beta Glucose

Answer 6

The trans-isomer of glucose whose hydroxyl group points upwards on the right

Question 7

Where is starch stored

Answer 7

seeds and roots

Question 7

Amylose

Answer 7

• linear polysaccharide
• alpha glucose linked through 1,4 glycosidic bonds
• coiled structure (300-3000 glucose units)

Question 8

Properties of starch

Answer 8

• insoluble as it is large in size –> maintains osmotic balance
• compact in structure for efficint storage

Question 9

Glycogen

Answer 9

most branched polysaccharide that serves as the primary energy storage in humans
* more branched than starch
* made up of alpha glucose

Question 10

Glycogen properties

Answer 10

• highly compact and coiled structure
• alpha glucose
  1,4 glycosidic bonds = backbone; 1,6 glycosidic bonds every 8 to 12 glucose unites
• linear chains
• insoluble
  has many free glucose terminals = easily built and broken = short term

Question 11

cellulose

Answer 11

type of polysccharide made out of beta glucose that is a major structural component in plant walls

Question 12

cellulose Microfibrils

Answer 12

they are made up of linear beta glucose chains which are held together by hydrogen bonds giving it tentile strength and rigid, sturdy structure

Question 13

Glycoproteins

Answer 13

Proteins with one or more carbohydrates attached to them

Question 14

Where you can find glycoproteins

Answer 14

cell membranes, secreted proteins, extracellular matrix

Question 15

Roles of glycoproteins

Answer 15

1. cell recognition due to markers on the surface of the cells
2. receptors which receive signals from cells
3. structural support of cells and tissue

Question 16

How blood groups relate to glycoproteins

Answer 16

Blood groups are based on specific glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells (A & B Antigens)

Question 17

How the trait of recognition in glycoproteins relates to blood groups

Answer 17

compatibility based on recognition & interaction of specific glycoproteins
=> when incompatible ones mix the immune system recognises them as forgeign molecules & attack

Question 18

result of mixing incompatible blood groups

Answer 18

blot clotting, organ failure, death

Question 19

meaning of ABO blood groups

Answer 19

AB= universal recepient; O= universal donor

Question 20

What does the O blood group mean

Answer 20

absence of glycoprotein with antigens

Question 21

sucrose

Answer 21

glucose + fructose --> sucrose

Question 22

lactose

Answer 22

d glucose + d galactose --> lactose

Question 23

Why amylase cannot break down amylopection

Answer 23

Amylase can only break down 1,4 glycosidic linkages but amylopection also has 1,6 glycosidic linkages which are broken down by another enzyme (Dextrinase)

Question 24

Polysaccharide examples

Answer 24

* cellulose * glycogen * starch