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IB Bio HL > A2.2 Cell Structure > Flashcards

A2.2 Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Theory of spontaneaous generation

A

Belief that organisms could randomly appear from non-living matter

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2
Q

Cell theory

A
  • smallest unit
  • only arise from preexisting
    all living things are made up of cells
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3
Q

Process of preparing wet mounts

A
  • sharp scalpel: cut square out of onion
  • tweezers: peel off thin inside layer
  • transfer thin layer on glass slide
  • pipette: add small drop of I2 = stain
  • start cover slip at 90deg. = gently lower = avoid bubbles
  • if bubbles= press w/pencil
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4
Q

Eyepiece garticule

A

Transparent ruler that is placed in eyyepiece lens to measure actual size

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5
Q

Light microspcope

A
  • inexpensive
  • magnifies up to 2000x
  • specimens can be dead/alive
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5
Q

Resolution

A

The minimum distance between two points at which they can still be distinguished

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5
Q

Stage Micrometer

A

small, calibrated ruler mounted on stage microscope: precise distnace measurement

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6
Q

units of measurement

A

metre= 1x10^0
centimetre= 1x10^-3
millimetre= 1x10^-3
micrometre= 1x10^-6
nanometre = 10^9

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6
Q

Electron microscope

A
  • expensive
  • preperation of specimen is complex
  • magnifies up to 500 000x
  • specimen has to be dead
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7
Q

total magnification

A

ocular x objective

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8
Q

Cryogenic electron microscopy

A
  • specimen is frozen
  • image using computer enhancemnets (3D)
    ex: virus & protein structures
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8
Q

Freeze Fracture

A

preparing sample for electron microscopy
* specimen rapidly frozen
* physically broken apart = internal structure
ex: cell membrane

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9
Q

Fluroscene

A

cells are stained with special dyes that bind to cellular components
=> UV shone

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10
Q

Immunofluoroscene

A

Antibodies combined w/dye added to specimen
=> bind to their target (UV)

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11
Q

Functions of Life

A

MR Sheng
Metabolism, Respiration, Sensitivity, Homeostasis, Excretion, Noutrition, Growth

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12
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Organisms that do not have proper nucleus enclosing their genetic material

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13
Q

Prokaryote contents

A
  • nucleoid region
  • ribosomes 70
  • capsule
  • plasmids
  • pilli
  • cell wall
  • plasma membrane
    *flagellum
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14
Q

Prokaryote Replication

A
  1. chromosome is replicated
  2. DNA copies move to opposite cell end
  3. cell elongates
  4. cell membrane grows inward = pinches off = two identical
  5. semi conservative replication
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15
Q

Eukarytotes

A

Organisms that contain a well defined nucleus and membrane bound cytoplasmic organelles

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16
Q

Eukaryote (animal) Content

A
  • nucleolus
  • nucleus
  • vacuole
  • Ribosome 80s
  • cytoplams
  • mitochondrion
  • RER
  • golgi.
  • golgi- & vesicles
  • SER
  • cytoskeleton
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17
Q

Eukaryote (plant) Content

A
  • same animal
    +cell wall, choloroplast,
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18
Q

Eukaryote (fungal) Content

A

same animal
+Lysosomes, Peroxisome, centriole

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19
Q

All eukaryotes overlap

A
  • nucleus
  • vacuoles
  • mitochondria
  • plasma membrane
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20
Q

Only animal cells

A
  • cillia
  • Lysosomes
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21
Q

Only fugal cells

A
  • cell wall of chitin
22
Q

only plant cell

A
  • cell wall of cellulose
  • chloroplasts
  • plasmids in cholorplasts
23
Q

anucleate

A
  • red blood cell= more space o2
  • sieve tube in phloem= little cytoplasm&few organisms= less flow resistance
24
Q

multinucleate

A
  • skeleton muscle = small fused myocytes
  • aseperate fungi= no septum
25
Q

Paramecium

A

eukaryotic organisms that live in freshwater environments
* heterotroph = eat other organisms
* moves through cillia
* cytoplasm = dissolved enzymes
* growth until max SA:volume
* contractile vacuole: homeostasis
* asexual reproduction

micro nutrients, cytoplasm, vacuole, membrane, gullet & food vacuole

26
Q

Chlamydomonas

A

eukaryotic organisms that live in soil, freshwater, ocean, mountaintops
* autotroph = photosynthesis
* dissolved enzymes
* light sensitive eyespot = move flagella
* growth til max = split = reproduce
* contractile vacuole

eyespot, starch grains, chloroplasts, mitocondrion, flagellum

27
Q

SA:V

A
  • as cell grows: SA:V decreases
  • to increase: everything is made up of small cells
  • maintain transport rates
28
Q

Luis pasteaur - chicken broth

A

non broken swan neck
=> clear, microbes from air trapped in curve

broken
=> cloudy, microbes enter form air = multiply

tilted
=> cloudy, microbes caame from curve of tube

29
Q

Endosymbiosis

A
  • mitochondria & chloroplasts = prokaryote size
  • double membrane; inner= eaten cell, outer= vesicle cell was talen into
  • have naked DNA like prokaryotes
  • divide by binary fission
  • susceptible to antibiotics affecting prokaryotes

=> proves another cell engulfed = grew like that

30
Q

cell aggregation

A

process by which cells come together to fomr a group cluster
* group protection
* differentiation over time

30
Q

cell differentiation

A

turning on of genes necessary for function of specialised cell

=> normal cell splits, then gene expressed

  • grouped = tisue
  • organs are formed from multiple tissue
  • organs interact = organ system
    carry out life functions
31
Q

Ribosome 70s

A
  • in prokaryotes
  • smaller then euk
  • have small + big subunit
  • do protein synthesis
32
Q

Ribosome 80’s

A
  • larger & higher mass
  • 2 subunits
  • euk.
  • protein synthesis
  • attached & free floating
33
Q

capsule

A
  • hydrated polysaccharide complex
  • covers outermost part of cell wall
  • keeps phagocytes from ingesting & destroying
34
Q

nucleoid region

A
  • prok.
  • DNA structure same as euk.
  • DNA packaged differently = supercoiled chrome.
  • genes grouped into operons = clusteres that switch on & off
  • plasmids
  • naked DNA
35
Q

Pilli

A
  • protein fillament
  • helps adhesion
  • helps transfer DNA
36
Q

Flagellum

A

does locomotion

37
Q

Plasmids

A
  • small circular DNA
  • horizontal gene transfer
38
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • seperates in- & exterior
  • controls what goes in & out of cell
38
Q

cell wall

A
  • made of peptoglycan = polymer from AA & sugar (prok.)
  • made of cellulose (plant)
39
Q

nucleolus

A
  • within nucleus
  • makes RNA = ribosomes
40
Q

nucleus contents

A
  • chromatin
  • DNA & protein
40
Q

vacuole

A

helps maintain osmotic balance

40
Q

vesicle

A
  • small sac
  • transports & releases susbstances produced in cell
  • fuses with membrane
40
Q

mitochondrion

A
  • double membrane
  • converts glucose to ATP
  • has own DNA
41
Q

nuclear envelop

A
  • membrane of nucleus
  • has pores, double membrane
  • has nucleoplasm
41
Q

RER

A
  • produces extracellular proteins
  • stack of membrane flattened sacs
41
Q

Golgi app.

A
  • processes & packages proteins
  • released in golgi vesicles
41
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • system of protein fibres
  • helps maintain structure
42
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • water based- jelly like fluid
  • site of metabolic reactions
43
Q

centriole

A
  • barrel shaped
  • helps organise microtubuli
44
Q

cytoplasm (plant)

A

contains cytosol = maintains turgidy

45
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • double membrane
  • convert light energy -> chemical energy
  • plastid
46
Q

SER

A
  • makes phosphpolipids
  • produces sex chromosomes
  • detoxifies drug in liver
  • stores calcium ions
  • helps liver release glucose
47
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • spherical sacs; membrane
  • specialised vesicle
  • powerful hydrolytic digestive enzyme
48
Q

cell wall (fungi)

A

made of chitin

49
Q

unicellular

A

single celled
=> carry out all life processes within themselves

IB Bio HL (16 decks)

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