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BIO HL > C1.2 Cell respiration > Flashcards

C1.2 Cell respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

How is energy transferred in cells

A

by the breakdown of nutrients like carbohydrates

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2
Q

what is cell respiration

A

the process by which energy is made available (controlled release of energy from organic compounds)

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3
Q

why is ATP used as energy store

A

because glucose is relatively stable whereas ATP breaks down, releasing energy in reactions

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4
Q

structure of ATP

A

a nucleotide with three outer phosphate in a linear sequence
they can lose both outer phosphates

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5
Q

what does ATP act as a common intermediate between

A

energy yielding and energy requiring actions

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6
Q

features of ATP

A

a substance that moves easily within cells
a reactive molecule
an immediate source of energy, delivering it in small amoutns

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7
Q

what does ATP provide energy for

A

active transport
synthesis of macromolecules
movement of the whole cell
movement of cell components

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8
Q

examples of short term energy stores

A

glucose and fatty acids

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9
Q

examples of long term energy stores

A

glycogen, starch and triglycerides

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10
Q

how is ATP formed

A

from ADP and P using energy from respiration

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11
Q

how is energy released from ATp

A

hydrolysis of ATP to become ADP and phosphate

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12
Q

why is glucose the preferred respiratory substrate

A

even though energy yield is lower than lipids, oxidation is easier in glucose and molecules can directly enter glycolysis

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13
Q

why arent fats the preferred respiratory substrate

A

they would need to be converted to carbs first through gluconeogenesis

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14
Q

why arent proteins the preferred respiratory substrate

A

they would have to be hydrolysed and then deaminated which would require ATP

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15
Q

what respiration happens in the absence of oxygen

A

glucose is respired through anaerobic respiration which occurs in cytoplasm of cells

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16
Q

what happens as a result of anaerobic respiration

A

lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle fibres when the demand for energy is very great and cant be met by aerobic respiration

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17
Q

waste produt of anaerobic respiration

A

lactate

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18
Q

metabolic rate affecting rate of cell respiration

A

some cells require more energy and have higher rates of respiration

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19
Q

size of organism affecting rate of cell respiration

A

smaller organisms have a large SA compared to size and thus have higher respiratory rates to allow for heat loss

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20
Q

supply of oxygen affecting rate of cell respiration

A

cells that arent supplied enough oxygen will start to respire anaerobically

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21
Q

supply of substrates for respiration affecting rate of cell respiration

A

rate of respiration and quantity of products produced will depend on the respiratory substrate being used

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22
Q

temperature affecting rate of cell respiration

A

respiration is controlled by enzyme and temperature affects enzymes

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23
Q

pH affecting rate of cell respiration

A

release of carbon dioxide during respiration decreases the pH of cell content and body tissues, which affects the function of enzymes

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24
Q

how can rate of cell respiration be determined

A

through a respirometer
uses U tubes and soda lime to remove carbon dioxide, allowing only absorption of oxygen from germinating seeds to be measured through the movement of a fluid

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25
Q

What are the 4 reactions that glucose undergoes in aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

26
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons in a chemical reaction
done by adding oxygen or removing hydrogen atoms
OIL - Oxidation is loss of electrons

27
Q

reduction

A

the gain of electrons in a reaction
done by removing oxygen atoms or by adding hydrogen atoms
RIG - Reduction is gain of electrons

28
Q

In respiration what happens to the hydrogen atoms

A

they are gradually removed from glucose, causing the substrate to become oxidized
the hydrogen is added to hydrogen acceptors which are thus reduced

29
Q

oxidizing agents

A

compounds with a strong tendency to take electrons

30
Q

reducing agents

A

strong tendency to donate electrons to

31
Q

endergonic reaction

A

when reduction occurs, energy is absorbed

32
Q

exergonic reaction

A

when oxidation occurs, energy is released

33
Q

coenzymes

A

they link oxidation and reduction
hydrogen acceptors are all coenzymes

34
Q

electron carriers

A

NAD- main electron carrier
FAD- second electron carrier

35
Q

What is NAD reduced to

A

NADH and H
reduced NAD can pass hydrogen ions and electrons on to other acceptor molecules and when it does so becomes oxidized back to NAD

36
Q

glycolysis steps

A

glucose molecule is split into two 3-carbon molecules
products converted to pyruvic acid, exists as the pyruvate ion
a small amount of ATP is also formed, using energy from the glucose molecule

37
Q

first stage of glycolysis is

A

phosphorylation by reaction with ATP activates glucose, forming glucose phosphate. makes it more unstable nad higher in energy, reactive
then converted to fructose 6-phosphate and further phosphate group is added through another ATP.
forms fructose biphosphate
means two molecules of ATP are consumered per molecule of glucose respired

38
Q

second stage of glycolysis

A

lysis of the fructose forms two molecules of triose phosphate

39
Q

third stage of glycolysis

A

oxidation of the triose phoshpate molecule done through removal of hydrogen. Enzyme for this reaction works with NAD

40
Q

fourth stage of glycolysis

A

ATP formation occurs twice in the reaction by which each triose phoshpate molecule is converted to pyruvate
2 molecules of triose phosphate mean 4 molecuels of ATP synthesised
Thus in total there is a net gain of two ATP in glycolysis

41
Q

what happens after pyruvate is formed in the cytoplasm

A

passes into mitochondria through facilitated diffusion where its completely oxidized to carbon dioxide, water and ATP

42
Q

how is pyruvate oxidized

A

removal of hydrogen atoms by hydrogen acceptors and the addition of oxygen to carbon to form carbon dioxide

43
Q

what happens to the hydrogen that is taken from the pyruvates in the mitochondria

A

hydrogen carried by the reduced acceptor molecule reacts with oxygen to form water
reduced hydrogen acceptor then reoxidized and is available for reuse in pyruvate production
majority of ATP is produced during these steps

44
Q

what causes pyruvate to remain in the cytoplasm

A

lack of oxygen causes it to convert to lactate

45
Q

what happens to pyruvate in yeast

A

even in the rpesence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to ethanol

46
Q

hydrogen acceptors in anaerobic cellular respiration

A

the reduced hydrogen acceptor molecules donate their hydrogen to form lactate or ethanol from pyruvate. This causes it to be reoxidised in the absence of oxygen and become available for further pyruvate synthesis

47
Q

how much ATP does anaerobic respiration yield

A

two molecules of ATP per glucose respired

48
Q

steps of the link reaction

A

pyruvate diffuses into the matrix of the mitochondria as if forms and is metabolized there
3 carbon pyruvate is decarboxylated by removal of carbon dioxide and also oxidised by removal of hydrogen
forms reduced NAD and the produces acetyl group which then combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA

49
Q

The krebs cycle steps

A

acetyl CoA reacts with a 4 carbon organic acid. product is 6 carbon and coenzyme A which is released and reused in link reaction.
citrated then converted back to the 4 carbon acid by the reaction of the krebs cycle
2 molecules of carbon dioxide released in separate reactions
molecule of ATP is formed
3 molecules of reduced NAD
one molecule of FAD

50
Q

why does the krebs cycle “take place” twice

A

because glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate so it repeats

51
Q

After the Krebs cycle what are the total products formed

A

6 carbon dioxide
4 ATP
10 reduced NAD
2 reduced FAD

52
Q

what is the electron transport chain

A

series of protein in inner mitochondrial membrane
reduced coenzymes pass to it

53
Q

how is energy transferred in electron carries and electron transport chain

A

pair of electron pass to the first carrier in the chain, turning reduced NAD back to NAD. removal of electrons from hydrogen creates proteins which play a role in the generation of ATP

54
Q

where do the electrons go in the electron transport chain

A

the electrons recieved from the reduce coenzymes are transported along a series of carriers to be combined with oxygen to form water

55
Q

what happens when electrons are passed between the carriers in the series

A

energy is released. energy is transferred to ADP and P to form ATP

56
Q

what is the total yield of ATP from aerobic respiration

A

32 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose respired

57
Q

generation of a proton gradient by flow of electrons along the electron transport chain

A

carrier proteins oxidize the reduced coenzymes. energy from the oxidation is used to pump protons from the matrix of the mitochondria to the space between the membranes.
hydrogen ions/protons accumulate here which builds up a gradient across the inner membrane
generates a potential difference across the membrane which represents a store of potential energy

58
Q

The synthesis of ATP in the mitochondrion through protons

A

protons concentrated in the space between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes flow back into the matrix via ATP synthase, located on the inner membrane
as protons flow down their concentration gradient, through ATP synthase, energy is transferred as ATP synthesis occurs. ATP synthase therefore couples release of energy from proton with phosphorylation of ADP

59
Q

how is energy generated by ATP synthase

A

has a rotational mechanism, generating energy through the rotation leading to production of ATP

60
Q

oxygen as a terminal acceptor

A

electrons and protons need to be removed to create the proper gradients and low. this is done through oxygen which when combined, forms water

61
Q

why are fats good for storing energy

A

transfer much more energy because they are more concentrated
also insoluble, do not cause water uptake
complete oxidation of fats and oils produces a large amount of water

BIO HL (23 decks)

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