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BIO HL > A4.2 Conservation of Biodiversity > Flashcards

A4.2 Conservation of Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

what is biodiversity

A

means the total number of different species living in a defined area or ecosystem

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2
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

the range of different habitats or number of ecological niches per unit area in an ecosystem

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3
Q

species diversity

A

the variety of species per unit area
includes the number of species present and their relative abundance

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4
Q

genetic diversity

A

the range of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of a species

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5
Q

richness

A

term that refers to the number of species in an area

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6
Q

evenness

A

refs to the relative abundance of each species

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7
Q

community with high evenness means what

A

similar abundance of all species, suggests complex ecosystem with many niches that support many species

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8
Q

low evenness suggests what

A

there is a handful of species dominating

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9
Q

simpsons reciprocal index

A

can be used to describe and compare communities

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10
Q

what should be considered when comparing communities

A

low diversity could indicate pollution, eutrophication or recent colonization of a site
number of species in an area is often indicative of general patterns of biodiversity

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11
Q

what is the estimation of numebr of species on earth

A

around 9 million in total

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12
Q

radiometric data

A

is able to show the age of fossils by measuring the amount of naturally occuring radioactive substances such as carbon 14

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13
Q

steps that a fossil undergoes

A

petrifiation - organic matter of the dead organisms replaced by mineral ions
organic matter decays, leaves a mould filled by mineral matter
impression is made and then preserved

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14
Q

anthropogenic

A

causes of species of extinction caused by humans

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15
Q

what were the north island giant moas

A

species of flightless birds found in new zealand

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16
Q

how did the north island giant moas go extinct

A

maori arrived in 1280 and they were hunted for food.
extinct by 1500
their habitats/forests were also cleared for farming

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17
Q

the effects of the extinction of giant moas

A

they were large so played a major role in shaping the structure and composition of vegetation communities
their extinction of moa could have affected new zealand’s ecosystems through altering vegetations composition and structure

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18
Q

caribbean monk seals

A

declared extinct in 2008
widespread distribution through seas of mexico, caribbean, atlantic etc
first seal to become extinct because of human causes

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19
Q

how did caribbean monk seals go extinct

A

hunted for fur, meat, blubber, display
overfishing activites also disrupted their prey
they were easy to kill because of tame behaviour

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20
Q

effect of caribbean monk seals going extinct

A

top predator so extinction meant some species of fish expanded at the expense of others, significantly altering the biodiversity of the areas where the seal had been found

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21
Q

falkland island wolf

A

was the only native land mammalof the falkland islands
their diet consisted of birds, grubs, insects and seashore scavenging

22
Q

why did falkland island wolf go extinct

A

they were considered a threat to the settlers sheep
huge scale operation of poisoning and shooting with the aim of extinction
successfully removed the top predator of the islands

23
Q

ecosystem

A

a community of organisms and their surroundings the environment in which they live and which they interact

24
Q

community

A

a group of different species living in an area
they form an ecosystem by its interactions with non living environment

25
why are tropical rainforests an area of high biodiversity and richness
constant warm temperatures, high sunlight and high rainfall of rainforests leads to high levels of photosynthesis and high productivity. this leads to high amount of bio matter and food, leading to ecosystem complexity, abundant resources and niches
26
causes of deforestation and degradation
caused by demands for wood , land and plantation crops
27
why are rainforests quite vulnerable to disturbance
grow on thin and easily eroded soil which clears when the forest has been cleared making it hard to reestablish a forest cover
28
dipterocarp trees and their removal
found in south east asia large areas been cleared to grow oil palms for palm oil once removed, nutrient recycling also lost and addition of fertilizers has negative environmental impacts
29
the great barrier reef
important part of australian culture and popular tourist destination they are quite diverse with many species of fish, coral etc
30
how is the great barrier reef being damaged
damaged by boats, overfishing, fertilizer run off, sewage and pollution, climate change and sedimentation habitat of many species are being damaged by humasn and can cause reduction in population numbers
31
citizen science
scientific research is carred out by amateur scientists
32
four common features of citizen science
anyone can participate participants use same protocol so data can be combined data can help professional scientists wide community provides data which anyone can access
33
what is the outcome of citizen science
large quantities of data are collected which could not be done by scientists alone
34
how has population growth put pressure on earth
exponential growth of humans means more resources are needed, causing biodiversity loss, pollution and invasive species being spread
35
why are rainforests vulnerable to exploitation
provide optimal conditions for farming and rich in natural resources so highly sought after agriculture leads to destruction of native habitats and replacement with monocultures, causing loss of diversity
36
how does pollution affect habitats and animals
leads to loss of life and reduction in number of species humans also spread disease of which small population are prone to being affected by disease due to reduced gene pool
37
what are lionfish and why are they invasive
very venomous and aggressive marine fish. they expanded into atlantic oceans where they were never seen before and have been able to rapidly multiply due to lack of competition unable to be eaten by predators and species are forced to move away into new habitats
38
water hyacinths as an invasive species
introduced to USA from south america gorws rapidly forming dense mats across water surfaces. this reduces algae and other such food for fish and other wildlife destroy waterways, reproduce very quickly and crowd out native species
39
what does conservation aim to do
aims to slwo the rate of extinction caused by the knock on effects of unsustainable exploitation of natural resources and to maintain biotic interactions between species
40
in situ conservation
the conservation of species in their natural habitat
41
what does in situ conservation require
active management vital habitat create community support for the area receive adequate funding relevant research and monitoring protected by legislation have policing and guarding policies site has economic value
42
what needs consideration when planning nature reserves
biogeographic factors affect species diversity and need to be considered
43
what do nature reserves that are better for conservation have
large to support great range of habitats and higher population numbers of each species low perimeter to reduce edge effects if area is divided, fragmented areas need to be in close proximity to allow animals and plants to move
44
rewilding
aims to restore ecosystems and reverse declines in biodiversity by allowing wildlife and natural processes to reclaim areas no longer under human management form of environmental conservation that increase biodiversity in an area
45
three main principles of rewilding
core habitat areas that support biodiversity are established connectivity carnivores to maintain ecological balnce
46
benefits of rewilding
increase storage of carbon from atmosphere helping wildlife adapt to climate change reversing biodiversity loss supporting economic opportunties for local people improving health and well beinge
47
ex situ conservation
preservation of species outside their natural habitats , such as in zoos
48
what is the purpose of germ plasm conservation
most successful method to conserve the genetic characteristics of endangered and commercially valuable species is
49
how was the golden lion tamarin saved
was criticially endangered because their habitat had mostly been lost and was thought to carry some human diseases captive breeding programs have increased number allowing them o be released into the wild. attempts at preserving forest also made
50
how has the bengal tiger been saved
was under threat from habitat loss and poaching reserves have been established all over india along with captive breeding to help maintain genetic diverstiy and genetic integrity
51
phylogenetic diversity
an important aspect of biodiversity which measures the evolutionary history represented by a set of specieswha
52
what are EDGE species
represent the opportunity to stop the loss of phylogenetic diversity

BIO HL (23 decks)

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