B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards
what are the strongest bonds found in bio molecules
covalent bonds
how can covalent bonds be broken
through specific chemical reactions with other molecules
why does carbon have a critical role
due to its ability to form 4 strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to create a stable chain
what is a double bond
carbon atoms can form more than one bond between each other
why are molecules reactive
due to the functional groups attached to a carbon skeleton
what do functional groups do
give the molecule unique physical and chemical properties
what are functional groups
the chemically active part of a member of a series of organic molecules
what functional group do carbohydrates contain
hydroxyl groups ( -OH)
what functional group do fatty acids contain
carboxyl group ( - COOH)
what functional group do lipids contain
ester group. formed by combing an acid and an alcohol
what functional groups are found in amino acids
amino groups ( NH2)
What is the structure of phosphate groups( functional groups)
-PO4 ( one O is double bonded to the P)
what are the 4 major classes of biomolecules which are synthesized by cells
nucleic acids( DNA and RNA)
proteins
lipids(fats and oils)
polysaccharides( carbohydrates)
what is the R group ( functional groups)
the remainder of the organic molecule, a part of the functional group which has little or no effect on the chemical properties of the molecule
what are organic molecules/features
they must be made of carbon and hydrogen
simple structures
backbone of life
made by living organisms
what are inorganic compounds/features
made of carbon and hydrogen
complex structures
not made by living organisms
what is a condensation reaction
a reaction that combines two molecules while removing water.
what is the linkage between monosaccharides
glycosidic linkages. they are strong covalent bonds
what is a hydrolysis reaction
reaction where hydrogen is added to a large molecule causing it to split into smaller parts by breaking the bonds
what are examples of a condensation reaction
maltose is formed with two molecules of glucose
lactose is formed with galactose and glucose
both are disaccharide sugars
what are polysaccharides
built from many monosaccharides condensed together, linked by glycosidic bonds
it is a form of a polymer
what is the bond between carbohydrates and sugars
glycosidic bonds
what are the bonds between proteins
peptide bonds
what are the bonds between lipids
ester linkages
what is the bond between nucleic acids
diester linkages
what are polypeptides
the result of many condensation reactions between amino acids. ( many amino acids together)
what are monosaccharides
they are simple sugars such as glucose and fructose
what are disaccharides
two simple sugars condensed such as sucrose, lactose, maltase
examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen and cellulose
features of glucose
a polar molecule that dissolves in water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with their slightly charged hydroxyl groups
A hexose sugar( C6H12O6)
what are isomers
chemical compounds of the same chemical formula but different structural formulae
( such as alpha and beta glucose)
what are the hydrophobic properties of lipids
they are poorly soluble in water
can be dissolved in less polar organic solutions
in the presence of water, they clump together into globules
what does unsaturated mean
when there are double bonds in the carbon chain, it creates kinks in the chain
what is the result of unsaturated carbon chains
makes the bonds weaker and leads to lower melting points
what is saturated
when there are no double bonds/ most amount of hydrogen possible
difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
single double bond is mono
multiple is poly
what are unsaturated fatty acids used for
used to store energy in plants and cold blooded animals
what is glycogen
a polymer of glucose that is formed by condensation reactions, used to store in cells
difference between glycogen and amylopectin
they are very similar but glycogen is more branched
what is cellulose
a polymer of beta glucose molecules, stabilized and strengthened by hydrogen bonds
extremely strong material
how are carbohydrates used in cell to cell recognition
cells are able to recognise each other due to carbohydrates unique shapes
allows the immune system to differentiate between body cells and foreign cells
roles of the glycocalyx
cell cell recognition
receptor sites for chemical signals
assist in the binding together of cells to form tissues
features of lipids
hydrophobic and can be dissolved in less polar substances
structure of lipids
the simplest lipid is triglycerides, made of glycerol and fatty acids
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
how are phospholipids created
glycerol can also bond with phosphates and two fatty acids to form phospholipids
what does an excess of lipids in a diet cause
storage of excess fat which can lead to obesity
what is adipose tissue
fat stored under the skin
gives buoyancy to the body and works as heat insulation layer
what happens to triglycerides when respired
they are able to release twice as much energy as carbohydrates
complete oxidation leads to production of water
what are anabolic steroids
used to build up muscle protein formation and bone growth
