B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids

Question 1

what are the strongest bonds found in bio molecules

Answer 1

covalent bonds

Question 1

how can covalent bonds be broken

Answer 1

through specific chemical reactions with other molecules

Question 2

why does carbon have a critical role

Answer 2

due to its ability to form 4 strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to create a stable chain

Question 3

what is a double bond

Answer 3

carbon atoms can form more than one bond between each other

Question 4

why are molecules reactive

Answer 4

due to the functional groups attached to a carbon skeleton

Question 5

what do functional groups do

Answer 5

give the molecule unique physical and chemical properties

Question 6

what are functional groups

Answer 6

the chemically active part of a member of a series of organic molecules

Question 7

what functional group do carbohydrates contain

Answer 7

hydroxyl groups ( -OH)

Question 8

what functional group do fatty acids contain

Answer 8

carboxyl group ( - COOH)

Question 9

what functional group do lipids contain

Answer 9

ester group. formed by combing an acid and an alcohol

Question 10

what functional groups are found in amino acids

Answer 10

amino groups ( NH2)

Question 11

What is the structure of phosphate groups( functional groups)

Answer 11

-PO4 ( one O is double bonded to the P)

Question 12

what are the 4 major classes of biomolecules which are synthesized by cells

Answer 12

nucleic acids( DNA and RNA)
proteins
lipids(fats and oils)
polysaccharides( carbohydrates)

Question 13

what is the R group ( functional groups)

Answer 13

the remainder of the organic molecule, a part of the functional group which has little or no effect on the chemical properties of the molecule

Question 14

what are organic molecules/features

Answer 14

they must be made of carbon and hydrogen
simple structures
backbone of life
made by living organisms

Question 15

what are inorganic compounds/features

Answer 15

made of carbon and hydrogen
complex structures
not made by living organisms

Question 16

what is a condensation reaction

Answer 16

a reaction that combines two molecules while removing water.

Question 17

what is the linkage between monosaccharides

Answer 17

glycosidic linkages. they are strong covalent bonds

Question 18

what is a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 18

reaction where hydrogen is added to a large molecule causing it to split into smaller parts by breaking the bonds

Question 19

what are examples of a condensation reaction

Answer 19

maltose is formed with two molecules of glucose
lactose is formed with galactose and glucose
both are disaccharide sugars

Question 20

what are polysaccharides

Answer 20

built from many monosaccharides condensed together, linked by glycosidic bonds
it is a form of a polymer

Question 21

what is the bond between carbohydrates and sugars

Answer 21

glycosidic bonds

Question 22

what are the bonds between proteins

Answer 22

peptide bonds

Question 23

what are the bonds between lipids

Answer 23

ester linkages

Question 24

what is the bond between nucleic acids

Answer 24

diester linkages

Question 25

what are polypeptides

Answer 25

the result of many condensation reactions between amino acids. ( many amino acids together)

Question 26

what are monosaccharides

Answer 26

they are simple sugars such as glucose and fructose

Question 27

what are disaccharides

Answer 27

two simple sugars condensed such as sucrose, lactose, maltase

Question 28

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 28

starch, glycogen and cellulose

Question 29

features of glucose

Answer 29

a polar molecule that dissolves in water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with their slightly charged hydroxyl groups A hexose sugar( C6H12O6)

Question 30

what are isomers

Answer 30

chemical compounds of the same chemical formula but different structural formulae ( such as alpha and beta glucose)

Question 31

what are the hydrophobic properties of lipids

Answer 31

they are poorly soluble in water can be dissolved in less polar organic solutions in the presence of water, they clump together into globules

Question 32

what does unsaturated mean

Answer 32

when there are double bonds in the carbon chain, it creates kinks in the chain

Question 33

what is the result of unsaturated carbon chains

Answer 33

makes the bonds weaker and leads to lower melting points

Question 34

what is saturated

Answer 34

when there are no double bonds/ most amount of hydrogen possible

Question 35

difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

Answer 35

single double bond is mono multiple is poly

Question 36

what are unsaturated fatty acids used for

Answer 36

used to store energy in plants and cold blooded animals

Question 37

what is glycogen

Answer 37

a polymer of glucose that is formed by condensation reactions, used to store in cells

Question 38

difference between glycogen and amylopectin

Answer 38

they are very similar but glycogen is more branched

Question 39

what is cellulose

Answer 39

a polymer of beta glucose molecules, stabilized and strengthened by hydrogen bonds extremely strong material

Question 40

how are carbohydrates used in cell to cell recognition

Answer 40

cells are able to recognise each other due to carbohydrates unique shapes allows the immune system to differentiate between body cells and foreign cells

Question 41

roles of the glycocalyx

Answer 41

cell cell recognition receptor sites for chemical signals assist in the binding together of cells to form tissues

Question 42

features of lipids

Answer 42

hydrophobic and can be dissolved in less polar substances

Question 43

structure of lipids

Answer 43

the simplest lipid is triglycerides, made of glycerol and fatty acids 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

Question 44

how are phospholipids created

Answer 44

glycerol can also bond with phosphates and two fatty acids to form phospholipids

Question 45

what does an excess of lipids in a diet cause

Answer 45

storage of excess fat which can lead to obesity

Question 46

what is adipose tissue

Answer 46

fat stored under the skin gives buoyancy to the body and works as heat insulation layer

Question 47

what happens to triglycerides when respired

Answer 47

they are able to release twice as much energy as carbohydrates complete oxidation leads to production of water

Question 48

what are anabolic steroids

Answer 48

used to build up muscle protein formation and bone growth