B1.2 Proteins

Question 1

How is DNA able to express information

Answer 1

through the production of proteins

Question 2

how are proteins made

Answer 2

RNA is used to carry genetic information to the cytoplasm where ribosomes create polypeptides

Question 3

what are proteins made of

Answer 3

amino group and carboxyl group
(NH2) and ( COOH)

Question 4

what happens when the R-group in a protein has an OH

Answer 4

they are polar

Question 5

what happens when theres no OH or NH in the R-group

Answer 5

they are non polar

Question 6

What is the nature of acids

Answer 6

hydrophilic meaning they are polar

Question 7

what are amino acids grouped into

Answer 7

non essential and essential

Question 8

what are non essential amino acids

Answer 8

aminos that can be produced within our body and are not immediately needed

Question 9

what are essential amino acids

Answer 9

need to be consumed because they arent present in our body

Question 10

what is a dipeptide

Answer 10

two amino acids together

Question 10

what is the difference between olygopeptide and polypeptide

Answer 10

3-10 amino acids together are olygopeptide
more are polypeptide

Question 11

what is the primary structure of proteins

Answer 11

the chains of amino acids

Question 12

the secondary structure of proteins

Answer 12

alpha helical and beta pleated sheets

Question 13

what is the tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 13

polypeptide chains

Question 14

what is the quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 14

assembled structures/proteins

Question 15

what is denaturation

Answer 15

when proteins start to break apart and become undone due to changes in the temperature and pH

Question 16

what can cause denaturation of proteins

Answer 16

heat can cause vibrations between the molecules, breaking bonds or interactions

Question 17

how to calculate the number of amino acids

Answer 17

20^n

Question 18

what bonds exist in primary structures of proteins

Answer 18

peptide linkages

Question 19

what bonds exist in secondary structures of proteins

Answer 19

hydrogen bonds that form between every 4th amino acid( between oxygen and hydrogen

Question 20

what are tertiary structures in proteins made of

Answer 20

a combination of beta pleated sheets and alpha helical structures

Question 21

what do 2 cysteines( seen in S atom) in different R groups form

Answer 21

strong covalent bonds which are called disulfide bonds

Question 22

what happens when a chain of amino acids is in water

Answer 22

hydrophobic amino acids will stay on the inside while hydrophilic will be on the outside

Question 23

what are quaternary structures in proteins made of

Answer 23

interactions among separate polypeptide chains

Question 24

what is a conjugated protein

Answer 24

a protein that functions with other chemical groups that arent polypeptides

Question 25

what is a prosthetic group in proteins

Answer 25

the non protein part of a conjugated protein

Question 26

what are chaperone proteins

Answer 26

proteins that aid in the folding of other proteins

Question 27

what are the two types of proteins and what do they depend on

Answer 27

there is globular and fibrous
depend on the way proteins are foled

Question 28

what are fibrous proteins

Answer 28

elongated polypeptides that lack the folding of typical tertiary structure

Question 29

what is the structure of fibrous proteins

Answer 29

R group of every third amino acid faces inwards in the triple helix
held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 30

what are globular proteins

Answer 30

rounded shape, formed by folding of polypeptides

Question 31

how are globular proteins stabilised

Answer 31

bonds between the R groups

Question 32

features of fibrous proteins

Answer 32

usually insoluble
structured
long and narrow
repetitive amino acid sequence
doesn’t form tertiary

Question 33

features of globular proteins

Answer 33

spherical shape
usually highly soluble
stabilised with covalent bonds
meant for functions
( enzymes and hormones)