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BIO HL > A1.1 Water > Flashcards

A1.1 Water Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the different roles of water

A

Universal solvent
metabolite
temperature buffer
maintaining biological structures

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2
Q

explain waters role as a universal solvent

A

-helps multicellular organisms transport molecules around the body
-medium for chemical reactions to occur

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3
Q

explain waters role as a metabolite

A

water is either a reactant or a product in metabolic reactions

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4
Q

explain waters role as a temperature buffer

A

metabolic reactions are catalysed by enzymes, because enzymes are sensitive to temp, reactions can only occur within a certain temperature.
Water acts as a buffer due to high specific heat capacity

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5
Q

explain waters role in maintaining biological structures

A

-contributes to the formation of cell membranes
-impacts the folding of proteins
-surrounds DNA to support the double helix

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6
Q

what are atoms made up of

A

protons, neutrons and electrons

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7
Q

what are ions

A

atoms that have deficit or a surplus of electrons

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8
Q

what are cations

A

ions that have lost electrons and have a positive charge

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9
Q

what are anions

A

ions that have gained electrons and have a negative charge

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10
Q

how are atoms able to form bonds

A

electrons may be transferred to other nearby atoms or shared between atoms

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11
Q

what is the purpose of bonds

A

they enable the formation of chemical compounds

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12
Q

what are the different types of bonds

A

-non polar covalent bonds
- polar covalent bond
- ionic bond
-hydrogen bond

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13
Q

what are non polar covalent bonds

A

they share electrons equally

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14
Q

what are polar covalent bonds

A

they share electrons unequally

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15
Q

what happens when one atom has more mass than the other atom in the bond

A

the electrons that are being shared will be pulled towards the heavier atom and one side will be slightly positive and one side will be slightly negative

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16
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

an attraction between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion

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17
Q

what are polar molecules

A

are molecules where one end is slightly positive while the other is slightly negative

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18
Q

what are hydrogen bonds

A

an attraction between 2 polar molecules
one slightly positive and one slightly negative

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19
Q

how are hydrogen bonds represented

A

with a dotted line

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20
Q

what is the structure of water

A

consists of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen that are connected with polar covalent bonds

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21
Q

how many bonds can water molecules form

A

upto 4

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22
Q

what is cohesion

A

waters ability to make hydrogen bonds with itself cause water molecules to stick together

23
Q

what is surface tension

A

the property of the surface of liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecule

24
Q

what does hydrophilic mean

A

polar and charged molecules are hydrophilic because they attract water

25
Q

what is adhesion

A

the force of attraction between different types of molecules or substances,
- caused by the unequal sharing of electrons in polar molecules

26
Q

what is capillary action

A

the movement of water in through a narrow space, often in opposition to external forces like gravity

27
Q

how does soil retain water

A

due to adhesion, water sticks to the soil particles

28
Q

what are solvents

A

the liquid in which a solute dissolves to create a solution

29
Q

what happens when solutes dissolve

A

their molecules separate from each other and become surrounded by water molecules
this is known as a “hydrogen shell”

30
Q

what happens to polar molecules in water

A

they will dissolve because they are hydrophilic and can form hydrogen bonds

31
Q

what happens to charged ions in water

A

they will dissolve because they are electrostatically attached to water

32
Q

what happens to non polar molecules in water

A

they wont dissolve because they are insoluble and will clump together

33
Q

why is water needed for cellular metabolism

A

because it dissolves the reactants and enzymes so they can come together for reactions

34
Q

what happens to lipids during transportation

A

they are coated in phospholipids to form a structure called a “lipoprotein”

35
Q

what is a physical property

A

a measurable behaviour or characteristic of matter that exists without the matter reaction or interacting with other things

36
Q

what is buoyancy

A

an upward force applied to an object that is immersed in a fluid

37
Q

what happens if the buoyant force of the fluid is greater than the objects weight

A

the object will float

38
Q

what is buoyancy affected by

A

the density of the object

39
Q

how are birds adapted to float

A

they have hollow bones with struts to strengthen them and make them less dense

40
Q

how are bony fish adapted

A

they have a swim bladder that can fill or lose gas to change densities

41
Q

what is viscosity

A

the measure of a fluids tendency to flow
- due to the amount of friction the molecules of a liquid experience as they flow over each other

42
Q

what does it mean by more viscous and less viscous

A

more viscous means theres less movement
less viscous means more movement

43
Q

how do hydrogen bonds affect viscosity

A

they increase the friction making water more viscous than other substances

44
Q

how do solutes affect viscosity

A

cells and dissolved solutes increase viscosity

45
Q

what is thermal conductivity

A

the measure of a materials ability to move heat across a temperature gradient
- is determined by how easily energy transfers through the material

46
Q

what is specific heat capacity

A

the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of a chemical per unit mass

47
Q

how is waters high specific heat capacity an advantages

A

-good for temperature regulation
-body temperatures rise and fall slowly in response to external changes in temperature
-creates a stable environment

48
Q

how does water compare to air

A

higher
-buoyant force
-viscosity
-thermal conductivity
-specific heat capacity

49
Q

how are ringed seals adapted to their environment

A

-is buoyant
-is streamlined
-insulated with blubber
-due to high SHC of water, there is a stable environment

50
Q

How are black throated loons adapted to their environment

A

-buoyant
-air has bad thermal conductivity so not much loss of body heat but air temperature changes more often

51
Q

where is water believed to have come from

A

from asteroids and coments which contained large amounts of water

52
Q

why can water stay on earth

A

right distance from sun and gravity stops it from escaping

53
Q

why is water a precedent to extraterrestrial life

A

because its vital to life

BIO HL (23 decks)

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