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BIO HL > B4.1 Adaptation to environment > Flashcards

B4.1 Adaptation to environment Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a habitat

A

where species live

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2
Q

a niche

A

a complete description of a species ecology

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3
Q

how are ecosystems formed

A

communities form the biotic part of an ecosystem while abiotic is non living part
interactions between these two form ecosystems

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4
Q

microhabitat

A

the occupied area within an ecosystem is extremely small
conditions within are likely to be very different from conditions in surrounding habitat

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5
Q

xerophytes

A

plants able to survive in water lacking environments
they are also able to survive in cold regions and windy areas

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6
Q

in which environment are plants susceptible to increased water loss

A

windy or hot due to increased evaporation or differences in water concentration between leaf and air

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7
Q

marram grass and its adaptations

A

is a xerophyte with rolled leads so the stomatas are on the inside. Makes the insides humid and reduces concentration gradient between air and tissue and evaporation is lowered
inner epidermis is hairy to trap water and limit air movement

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8
Q

features of mangrove swamps

A

found in tropical coastal areas with high rainfall and constant insolation
grow in saline and oxygen deficient environment
have limited productivty compared to other tropical ecosystems

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9
Q

aerial roots in mangroves

A

absorb oxygen directly from the air and survive when the forest floods.
also creates stability

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10
Q

how are mangroves adapted to salinity

A

have adaptations to limit access of salt and to remove it once present in the plant

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11
Q

limiting biotic factors

A

include interactions between organisms

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12
Q

limiting abiotic factors

A

physical components of the environments

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13
Q

limiting factors in plants

A

light water nutrients carbon dioxide and temperature

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14
Q

limiting factors in animals

A

includes food space mates and water

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15
Q

limits of tolerance

A

critical minimal and critical maximum limits are a species or population limits of tolerance

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16
Q

range of tolerance

A

the range between the limits of environmental factors within which species can survive

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17
Q

optimum zone of tolerance

A

conditions that favour maximum fitness, growth, abundance and survival

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18
Q

zones of stress

A

on either side of the optimal zone, where fewer individuals occur and survival is lower

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19
Q

zones of intolerance

A

none of the organisms can survive

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20
Q

pompeii worm

A

lives in deap sea hydrothermal vents, one of the hottest areas on earth
live in tubes to protect bodies and also live very deep in high pressures
it s a thermophilic species that have limits of tolerance
also have bacteria that helps them be resistant

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21
Q

halophytes

A

plants that can grow in soil or water of high salinity

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22
Q

glycophytes

A

plants that are not salt tolerant

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23
Q

transects

A

arbitrary lines through a habitat
used to study the distribution of animals and plants along environmental gradients

24
Q

quadrats

A

used to sample plants algae and other immobile organisms along a transection

25
Q

a line transect

A

made by placing a tape measure in the direction of the gradient

26
Q

belt transect

A

a band of chosen width placed along the gradient

27
Q

continuous transect

A

when the whole transect is sampled

28
Q

interrupted transects

A

when samples are taken at equa points along the gradient

29
Q

why is the shore an area of great diversity

A

due to tide and other factors
almost all species are of marine origin

30
Q

exposure as an abiotic factor

A

influences the distribution of organisms on the seashore
brings the threat od drying out and wider extremes of temperature than those experienced during submission

31
Q

reef building corals and zooxanthellae

A

they have a symbiotic relationship with the unicellular algae zooxanthellae

32
Q

why do coral reefs occur quite close to air

A

since the algae requires sunlight

33
Q

what can temperature increase do to choral reef

A

corals live at the uppermost boundary of their temperature tolerance and even 1 degree increase can cause the algae to leave

34
Q

what happens to coral reef when zooxanthellae leaves

A

known as bleaching because the coral is white and there is no algae to produce glucose causing coral to starve

35
Q

what other factors contribute to the destruction of coral reefs

A

increasing carbon dioxide makes water more acidic but coral reefs are basic
sea levels rising can cause less sunlight to reach the coral so lower rate of photosynthesis

36
Q

what factors affect the type of ecosystem that develops

A

temperature
precipitation
insolation

37
Q

what elements of climate can affect ecosystem

A

air pressure, humidity, cloudiness and wind

38
Q

what are biomes

A

groups of ecosystems that share similar abiotic conditions and thus develop similar communities through convergent evolution

39
Q

a climograph

A

a graphical model that shows the relationship between temperature, precipitation, and ecosystem type
they show the likely ecosystem found under certain conditions

40
Q

what is productivity

A

rate of storage of energy in plant biomass through photosynthesis

41
Q

tropical rainforest features

A

highest productivty
found between the tropics
rainfall is high, insolation constant and temperatures warm
complex structures with number of layers

42
Q

temperate ecosystems features

A

vary from evergreen forests to grasslands
highly productive for part of the year
seasonal variation varies sunlight and limits overall productivity
rainfall and temperature are also seasonal, reduced productivity means less energy

43
Q

taiga

A

coniferous forests consisting of pines
found near artic circle
extreme cold and harsh winds with low rate of precipitation
short growing season
summers are short and temp below 0
snow cover reflects solar radiation and increases cooling

44
Q

grassland features

A

found on every continent
develop where there is not enough precipitation to support forests, but enough to prevent deserts
wide diversity of grass but low productivity
wildly fluctuating temperatues limits survival of organisms
rate of water usually in balance with rate of evaporation

45
Q

tundra features

A

found in colder ecosystems where water is ice and not available to plants, reducing productivity
highly stressful with low temp and rainfall
only moss and liches able to survive
insolation is low and temperatures are low most of the year, affecting photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition
soil can also be frozen
only summers allow for plant growth due to constant sunlight

46
Q

hot desert features

A

high average temperatures and very low rainfall which can be unevenly distributed
lack of water limits photosynthesis and rates of productivity are low
temperatures at night also drop making survival difficult

47
Q

three methods used to live in a hot desert

A

expire
evade
endure

48
Q

camel features and adaptations

A

can tolerate high body temperatures
thick fur for shade and thin fur for easy heat loss
increased SA for heat loss
large flat feet to reduce pressure on sand
fat in hump can be converted to water
slit nostrils and eyelashes help to keep the sand out of eyes and noses

49
Q

cacti features and adaptations

A

no leaves and photosynthesis occurs in stem to reduce SA
Reduce SA to limit water loss through transpiration
thick waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
able to store water and covered with needles for protection
widespread root systems ensure maximum water absorption

50
Q

scorpions features and adaptations

A

nocturnal arthropods to avoid hot daytime
have wide range of prey and venemous stings
ambush prey to save energy
exoskeleton gives protection and prevents water loss
low food and water needs
able to detect sand movement

51
Q

kangaroo rats

A

hides in burrow during daylight
can survive without access to drinking water
excrete extremely concentrated urine and produce no sweat

52
Q

pitcher plants features and adaptaions

A

carnivourous
found in canopy or areas with nutrient poor soils
can photosynthesize but lack other nutrient
they catch and digest insects
large ones uses the faeces of small mammals as source of nourishment

53
Q

flying lizards features and adaptations

A

developed adaptation to glide from tree to tree
floor has many predators and being on the tree allows them to avoid
folds of skin act as wings when stretched tight

54
Q

gibbons features and adaptations

A

elongated forearms to help them swing tree to tree
hook like fingers and highly mobile shoulder joints to help with swinging
never have to descend to floor

55
Q

orchid mantis features and adaptations

A

mimics look of orchid
legs resemble flower petals
attracts pollinators and uses forelimbs to kill prey
young resemble the unopened buds to a flowering tree species

BIO HL (23 decks)

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