C1 SA - Culture & Identity - Topic 10, Gender identity Flashcards

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1
Q

Difference between sex and gender

A
Sex = biological concept, the physical differences between males and females before birth
Gender = sociological concept, constructed, how different sexes should behave. Different norms and values. Gestures, body language & manners.
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2
Q

Normative femininity

A

Women’s roles defined and restricted by men’s interests and needs

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3
Q

Ladettes

A

Social change of feminine identity, owes something to traditional masculine identity e.g. aggressive, sexually confident and pleasure seeking.

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4
Q

Hypersexual femininity

A

Exaggerating and stressing their sexuality through their appearance.

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5
Q

Hegemonic/ traditional masculinity

A

Male identity present in western society. Gives men power and dominance, alpha male.

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6
Q

New man/ metrosexual

A

Men become conscious of appearance. 8% of cosmetic surgery on men.

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7
Q

Lad

A

Young men who have a good time through sex, alcohol, football and loutish behaviour

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8
Q

Crisis in masculinity

A

Loss of ‘breadwinner’ identity with the decline of traditional male industries, insecurity.

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9
Q

STUDY - Sue Sharpe (1997)

A

Young girls leave school with different identity. Women are now more career orientated.

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10
Q

Legal changes

A

1970s equal pay act & Sex discrimination act

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11
Q

Genderquake

A

Radical change in attitudes towards education and work experienced by younger women compared with women from previous generations.

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12
Q

STUDY - Hakim (2004)

A

Women now have more choice therefore can now develop more work-centred identites.

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13
Q

Gender identity reinforced by family - STUDY - Oakley

A

Manipulation
Canalisation (toys and activities)
Verbal appreciation
Different activities

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14
Q

Gender identity reinforced by media - STUDY - Billington et al / Harvey & Macdonald

A

Masculine = dominant, Feminine = submissive

Women in the media shown as mothers and wives in panic and need a man to sort out their problems.

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15
Q

Gender identity reinforced by peers - STUDY - Martin and Ruble

A

Early age children are ‘gender detectives’
Peers shape and reinforce gender identities by reproducing existing social identities in; job roles, games and activities.

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16
Q

Criticism of gender identities changing - STUDY - Mac an Ghaill

A

Crisis in masculinity, men turning to violence, sexism, crime and anti subcultures. Masculinity in threat by women.

17
Q

Criticism - employment

A

Women represent 45% of the workforce however few of them are in senior positions.