Byzantine

Question 1

In what ways did the Byzantine Empire adhere to and project the idea of a New Rome? In what ways was it a continuation of the Roman empire?

Answer 1

• construction of “New Rome” in Constantinople

- most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe

Question 2

What was the importance of Emperor Justinian and his reign?

Answer 2

• restored Roman empire power and extent
• codification of modern law
• byzantine art becomes unique

Question 3

Hagia Sophia

Answer 3

• built by Anthems and Isidorus, a mathematician and a physicist
• central plan with longitudinal basilica plan
• rests on pendentives, naos in the center, and half domes;
• supposed to outdo Solomon’s temple
• supposed to demonstrate strength and grandeur of Justinian’s kingdom
• light is the light of God and his holy wisdom

Question 4

Importance and basic elements of the Byzantine Icon as well as Iconoclasm

Answer 4

Icons are sacred images representing the saints, Christ, and the virgin Mary, usually in wood panelings. the contemplation of icons allowed the viewer direct communication with the sacred figure(s) represented, and through icons an individual’s prayers were addressed directly to the petitioned saint or holy figure.
Iconoclasm refers to the controversy of icons and whether they were considered idolatrous. Many icons were destroyed during this time

Question 5

Christ as Pantokrater Mosaic at Hagia Sophia

Answer 5

Christ as a stern judge, giving a blessing with the code of law; nimbus and gold, heavenly figure

Question 6

Justinian and Theodora Mosaics at San Vitale, Ravenna

Answer 6

Justinian in the middle, shield with Christ’s name (XPI); Justinian comparing himself to Christ, appearing as a divine ruler (nimbus); attendants could be seen as apostles; very flat, the purpose of the piece was the narrative

Theodora and attendants are outside the church; wears purple and carries the chalice; nimbus with a gold background

Question 7

Virgin and Child between Saints Theodore and George

Answer 7

icons, smaller for private use; saints Theodore and George were combatants of evil; gold throne and divinity appeal to divinity

Question 8

Theotokas

Answer 8

title of Mary, mother of Jesus, used especially in Eastern Christianity