Building Blocks Of Cells

Question 1

What is a Macromolecule?

Answer 1

Organic biological molecules necessary for life that are composed of thousands of atoms. Made up of smaller building blocks (monomers) that are joined by covalent bonds.

Question 2

6 Building blocks

Answer 2

Fatty acids
Simple carbohydrates
Hydrocarbon rings
Amino acids
Nucleobases
Glycerol

Question 3

Biological Molecules

Answer 3

Building Blocks
Macromolecules
Supramolecular assemblies
Organelles

Question 4

Macromolecules and their corresponding building block (and polymerise)

Answer 4

1. Polysaccharides (polymeric) - simple carbohydrates
2. Nucleic acid (polymeric) - nucleobases
3. Lipids (non-polymeric) - glycerol, fatty acids
   4.Proteins (polymeric) - amino acids

Question 5

Polymeric and Non polymeric

Answer 5

Polymeric molecules are molecules created by polymerisation of building blocks (retreating monomer units)

Lipids are non-polymeric molecules - not repeating units of a monomer

Question 6

Common building block (monomer) of carbohydrates.

Answer 6

Monosaccharides or simple sugars such as glucose/fructose

Question 7

Functions of carbohydrates

Answer 7

1. Recognition
2. Energy : Energy storage in polysaccharides - starch in plant carbohydrate and glycogen in animal carbohydrate
3. Structure : Structural polysaccharides (cellulose in plants) - cellulose microfibres in cell plant wall provide structure

Question 8

What form are energy carbohydrates stored in p,pants and animals

Answer 8

Starch in animals
Glycogen in animals

Question 9

Functions of a protein

Answer 9

Structural - collagen
Regulatory - insulin
Contractile - actin, myosin
Transport - haemoglobin
Storage - egg white
Protective - antibodies
Catalytic - RNA polymerase
Toxic - diphtheria toxin

Question 10

How do 20 amino acids differ from each other

Answer 10

‘R’ group (side chain)

Question 11

Nucleotide components

Answer 11

• phosphate
• base
• deoxyribose sugar

Question 12

Nucleic Acids function

Answer 12

Storage of genomic information
(Deoxyribonucleic acid) -CGAT
(Ribonucleic acid) - GCUA

Question 13

Difference between DNA and RNA nucleotide + structure

Answer 13

Either ribose sugar in RNA or deoxyribose sugar in DNA
RNA us single stranded and DNA is double stranded

Question 14

3 Functions of lipids ??!?!?!?!!?!!?!?!! RE DO THIS ONE AFTER LECTURE

Answer 14

Regulatory: fatty acid + hydrocarbon ring (cholesterol —-> protein ——-> estradiol ——-> Estrogen) ?????

Energy: Triacylglycerol - TAG (fatty acid chains + glycerol)

Structural: cholesterol and phospholipids in cell membrane

Question 15

Which lipids are found in cell membranes

Answer 15

Structural:
CHOLESTEROL
PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Question 16

Endosymbiosis

Answer 16

The theory states that two key organelles in eukaryotes are derived from bacteria.
Mitochondria are derived from Proteobacteria.
Chloroplasts were derived from Cyanobacteria.

Question 17

Three theories that could explain the origin of life on earth

Answer 17

The generation of complex bio molecules as a result of a complex early atmosphere (deep hydrothermal vents)
The generation of replication organising - via RNA
Panspermia

Question 18

Characteristics that define life

Answer 18

Adaption through evolution
Cellular organisation
Growth and development
Homeostasis
Hereditary
Metabolism
Reproduction
Response to stimuli

Question 19

Requirements for natural selection

Answer 19

Variation
Inheritance
Selection
Time

Question 20

Scales of nature

Answer 20

Unaided eye:
- human height
- length of some nerve and muscle cells
- chicken egg
Light Microscopy:
- frog egg
Electron microscopy:
- most plant and animal cells
- nucleus
- most bacteria
- mitochondria
- smallest bacteria
- viruses
- ribosomes
- proteins
- lipids
- small molecules
- atoms

Question 21

Disaccharide + examples

Answer 21

Two monosaccharides joined together

Glucose + Fructose = sucrose
Galactose + Glucose = Lactose
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

Question 22

Protein definition

Answer 22

Molecules by which cells perform their functions in the whole organism

Question 23

Eukaryote cell range
Prokaryote cell range
Organelles cell range

Answer 23

Eukaryote cell range: 10 -100 micrometers
Prokaryote cell range: less then 5 micrometers
Organelles cell range:
- mitochondria: 1-10 micrometers
- chloroplasts: 2-5 micrometers

Question 24

Carbohydrates are made up of:

Answer 24

Polymers of monosaccharides

Question 25

Polysaccharide examples

Answer 25

Starch: (plant carbohydrate)
- amylose
- amylopectin

Glycogen: (animal carbohydrate)

Cellulose - fibre: (plant carbohydrate)

Question 26

Nucleic acids are:

Answer 26

Polymers of nucleotides

Question 27

Proteins are:

Answer 27

Polymers of amino acids

Question 28

Lipids are: (plus examples)

Answer 28

• Not polymers
• hydrophobic
• Heterogenous ( genetic mechanisms that produce the same or different phenotype)
  E.g :
• triaclglycerols
• steroids
• phospolipids
• glycolipids
• fat soluble vitamins

Question 29

2 Monosacaride examples

Answer 29

Hexose Monosaccharides:
Are the building blocks of higher order carbohydrates - E.G - Glucose, frictose, galatose.

Pentose Monosaccharides: Are usually part of larger molecules (e.g. nucleic acids) - E.G - ribose, deoxyribose