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CELS191 > Animal Cells > Flashcards

Animal Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the skeleton

A
  • Helps maintain cell shape
  • And position of organelles within cells
  • Rapidly disassembles and reassembles (unlike skeleton)
  • This ability allows rapid changes in cell shape
  • Highly dynamic but still provides stability
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2
Q

3 main components of the cytoskeleton

A
  • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
  • Intimediate filaments
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3
Q

Structure of Microtubules

A
  • composed of tubulin subunits that provide shape and sturcture that resist compression
  • thus help maintain shape of cell
  • they radiate out from an organising centre (centrosome)
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4
Q

What allows Microtubules to provide cell mobility

A
  • Flagella: ‘snake like’ motion
  • Cilia : ‘rowing-like’ motion

If cells are fixed in one place beating cilia moves fluid past them

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5
Q

How do Microtubules provide cell mobility

A
  • ATP powered protiens can ‘walk’ organelles along Microtubules
  • allows vesicles or other organelles to be transported to specific targets within the cell
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6
Q

What are microfilaments made from

A

A double chain of actin subunits

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7
Q

What do microfilaments form

A
  • linear strands
  • 3D networks (using branching protiens)
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8
Q

Function of microfilaments

A

Resist tension

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9
Q

How do microfilaments makes the region less fluid

A

The cortical network under the plasma membrane helps make the region less fluid and maintain cell chape

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10
Q

What components of microfilaments allow muscle contraction

A

Actin - myosin interactions allow muscle contraction

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11
Q

non-animal examples of microfilaments

A
  • ameoboid movement
  • cytoplasmic streaming in plants
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12
Q

Intermediate filaments structure and make-up

A

Made up of various protiens including:
- keratins in hair
- lamins in the nucleus
- neurofilaments in neurons

Supercoiled into ‘ cables’

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13
Q

Intermediate filaments? R they diamic?

A
  • less dynamic then Microtubules
  • intermediate filaments form relatively permanent cellular structures
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14
Q

Intermediate filaments help…

A
  • maintain cell shape
  • anchor organelles

They may also remain after the cell that has made it has died, as in your hair and outer layer of skin

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15
Q

How cells are joined together: 3 cell junctions

A
  • tight junctions
  • desmosomes
  • gap junctions

Each differ in structure and function

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16
Q

Tight junctions

A
  • Hold neighbouring cells tightly pressed together - can be pulled together
  • may form a continuous seal
  • prevents movement of fluid across cell layers
17
Q

What are Desmosomes and what do they do

A
  • anchoring junction - held tightly together, but not as close as tight junctions
  • provide attachments between sheets e.g muscle
  • connected into the cell by intermediate filaments
18
Q

Gap junctions

A
  • a point of cytoplasmic contact between two cells
  • ions and small molecules can pass from cell to cell
  • allows rapid cell to cell (intercellular) communication
19
Q

How cells join together - ECM

A
  • in many tissues cells do not make direct contact with other cells
  • cells lie within an extracellular matrix the composition of which varies between cells
20
Q

Extracellular matrix is composed of

A

ECM is composed of materials secreted by cells
- the secretion occurs by constitutive exocytosis

21
Q

Extracellular matrix protiens

A
  • most ECM are glycoproteins (protiens with added carbohydrates)
  • the most abundant ECM glycoprotein is collagen
  • collagen have great tensile strength - restists tension
22
Q

Where are collagen fibres embedded

A

in a proteoglycan complex matrix

23
Q

What are proteoglycans and what do they do

A

Proteins with extensive sugar additions

  • they trap water within the ECM
  • water resists compression and thus helps retain tissue shape
24
Q

Are intermediate filaments longer lasting or shorter lasting

A

Longer lasting

25
Q

Size of things that make up the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments - 7 nm
Microtubules - 25 nm
Intermediate filaments - 8 - 12 nm

26
Q

What resists compression or tension

A

Tubules resist compression
Microfibriles resist tension
Intermediate filaments resist tension

CELS191 (37 decks)

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